Ukukhankanywa 'kweminyaka engamashumi amabini egqumayo' kunokubangela imifanekiso yeeflappers kunye nenkcitho egqithisileyo, kodwa oku kwakungeyonto iqhelekileyo kusapho oluqhelekileyo kule minyaka ilishumi. Ngelixa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yahlukile kubantu abahlala ezilalini nasezidolophini, amaxabiso osapho kwii-1920s ahlala ethe rhoqo.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zoSapho
Ubalo lwabantu base-US Census Bureau, thaca kwingxelo Izibalo zeMbali ukusuka kwiKoloniyali yeEra ukuya kwiminyaka yee-1970 , yitsho okuninzi malunga nendlela iintsapho zaseMelika ezazikhangeleka ngayo kuyo yonke imbali. Kwiminyaka ye-1920 umtshato wawusele yinjongo kunye nokuphambili kuninzi, kodwa ubukhulu bendlu obuncinci baqala ukubonakala njengoko amadoda nabafazi befuna ukuba nabantwana abambalwa.
ungaphendula njani xa uncome?Amanqaku afanelekileyo
- I-1950s yoSapho: Ulwakhiwo, amaxabiso kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla
- Ubomi bosapho base-Italiya
- Amaxabiso aseMelika aseMelika
Ixesha lokonwaba
Ekhaya, iintsapho ezinomathotholo osebenza ngebhetri zazinokuphulaphula iinkqubo zikanomathotholo . Ezi radiyo zakwangoko zihlala zinentloko enye endaweni yesithethi, ke abantwana bayokulwa ukuba ngubani omameleyo ukuba ngubani omameleyo.
Iindima zesini
Nangona uninzi lweendlela ze-1920 zokuphila zazitshintsha, amadoda nabafazi babesoloko bebambe iindima zemveli kwamashumi eminyaka adlulayo. Amadoda ahlala esebenza iiyure ezininzi kwimisebenzi ebandakanya umsebenzi onzima. Ngaphandle komfanekiso wabasetyhini be-1920 abazimeleyo nabanemvukelo, umama we-1920 usaqhubeka nokukhathalela abantwana kunye nokhathalela imisebenzi yasekhaya njengomsebenzi wakhe ophambili. Umntu ngamnye ngaphakathi kwendlu wayenendima yabasetyhini okanye yabasetyhini kwaye wabona ixabiso kule misebenzi njengendlela yokuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zosapho xa lulonke.
Umtshato kwiminyaka ye-1920
Ngo-1920, phantse isibini esithathwini sabo bonke abantu abangaphezulu kweminyaka eli-14 babetshatile (iphepha lama-20 leNgxelo yeeNkcukacha-manani zeMbali) ngeli xesha kuphela abantu abangama-250,000 kwabangama-37 ezigidi baqhawule umtshato. I-avareji yobudala kumtshato wokuqala kwi-1920 yayinama-24 yamadoda kunye nama-21 yabasetyhini (iphepha le-19 leNgxelo yeeNkcukacha-manani zeMbali). Nangona amazinga omtshato zaziphezulu kubantu abaninzi, ngo-1920 abafazi abamnyama babesenokwenzeka ukuba batshate kunabafazi abamhlophe. Ngokubanzi, amadoda nabafazi babefuna ukutshata kwaye bahlale betshatile.
Iintsapho ezingezoMhlophe
Kwiintsapho ezininzi ezingezozabamhlophe, inkcubeko kunye nokuzingca ngokobuhlanga zazinjalo amaxabiso abalulekileyo njengoko abancinci befuna ukufumana unyango olungcono. Ngenxa yamathuba emisebenzi, ngokwezoqoqosho kunye neemeko zomsebenzi eziyingozi, Iintsapho ezincinci kubandakanya usapho olongezelelekileyo oluhlala kunye.
Ukulawula inzala
Enkosi ngenkqubela phambili ukulawula inzala , njengokumiselwa ngokusemthethweni kweekhondom kunye nokufumaneka kwediaphragm, izibini zinegunya elingakumbi lokulawula ukuba bangaphi abantwana ababenabo. Umndilili ophakathi kule minyaka ilishumi unabantu abamalunga nesine (iphepha lama-41 leNgxelo yeeNkcukacha-manani zeMbali).
Ukukhulisa abantwana
Abazali baqala ukutshintsha ukucinga kwabo kwiimbono zesiko losapho njengolawulo oluphezulu ukuya kwindlela yeemvakalelo ngakumbi. Iimbono ezithandekayo ze usapho olusondeleyo amalungu athetha ukuba amadoda nabafazi babonwa njengabahlobo kwaye babona abantwana babo njengabahlobo.
Utshintsho kwiiNtsapho zaseMaphandleni
Kude kube ngo-1920, uninzi lwabantu abamhlophe baseMelika babehlala ezilalini. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuka Ubalo lwabantu.gov , Ngo-1920 ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi baseMerika babehlala ezixekweni nasezidolophini. Ngelixa ngoku bekukho abantu abaninzi abahlala ezidolophini, phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke iintsapho sasihlala ezifama. Ngokwahlukileyo, ngelixa uninzi lweentsapho zase-Afrika zaseMelika ziye zaya emantla kule minyaka ilishumi, babesekhona amathuba okuba bahlale emaphandleni. Kukwanjalo ngabantu abachongwe njengabaphuma 'kwezinye iintlanga' yi-US Census Bureau.
yeyiphi isoda yokuxuba nebhola yomlilo
Umsebenzi
Iintsapho zasemaphandleni zawolana ubomi basefama phakathi kokutshintsha komhlaba. Ngenxa yokuba wawumninzi umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe ngalo lonke ixesha, lonke ilungu losapho lwasefama lwalusebenza efama. Amadoda ubukhulu becala ayesebenza emasimini okanye ekwakheni nasekulungiseni indlu kunye nezixhobo. Nangona imveliso yayisenza inkqubela phambili ekuvelisweni nasekuvelisweni koomatshini abaninzi, le ntshukumo yayingekafiki ezifama. Kuba uninzi lwamafama lwalusagqibezela wonke umsebenzi ngesandla, abamelwane bancedana ngesivuno esikhulu ukuze bawenze umsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba kutshintshe amaxesha.
Abafazi noomama bebesoloko bejonge kumakhaya abo imisebenzi yasekhaya njengokuthunga, ukupheka, ukunkonkxa nokunakekela iintsana. Kodwa, banceda nomsebenzi emasimini xa kufuneka njalo. Abafazi basezifama baqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, ngakumbi amadoda asebenza nzima, athathelwa ingqalelo njengendlela yokugcina usapho lulungele iintsuku ezinde.
Ubuntwana
Abantwana abasezifama kule minyaka ilishumi baceliwe ukuba bancedise ngomthwalo ngokukhawuleza ukuba banakho. Imisebenzi efana nokondla izilwanyana, ukuqokelela amaqanda, okanye ukugawula iinkuni yayiqhelekile kubantwana abancinci. Nje ukuba kwenziwe imisebenzi yosuku, abantwana babehamba okanye bakhwele ihashe ukuya kuthi ga kwiimayile ezimbini ukuya kufutshane isikolo . Abantwana bachithe iminyaka esibhozo kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, bephethe ihlobo, bekhumbula imibongo kunye nokudlala imidlalo. Abantwana abadala bangaya kwisikolo esiphakamileyo kwidolophu ekufutshane ukuba kukho isikolo esiphakamileyo kwaye ukuba banokufika apho.
Ixesha lokonwaba
Ubomi kwiminyaka ye-1920 yasemaphandleni eMelika yayingenguye wonke umsebenzi nangona abantu bechitha ixesha elininzi. Iintsapho ziyonwabele imiboniso yesikolo okanye iipikniki zokuphela konyaka apho zinokudibana khona nabamelwane. Iicawa zibambe iindibano, izidlo zerhasi, kunye nee-ayisikhrim njengendlela yokuhlanganisela abantu ukonwaba. Ukuya edolophini yayikukuzonwabisa okuthandwa ziintsapho. Kwi Ihlobo xa bethe bathengisa, iintsapho zazinokundwendwela idolophu kwaye zibukele imovie eboniswa ecaleni kwesakhiwo.
Eminye iminyhadala yedolophu yayiyimidyarho yamahashe okanye iChautauqua, intente eneentetho, imidlalo kunye nomculo ovulelekileyo eluntwini. Kwilizwe, abantwana banokuhamba bequbha kwimifula kunye nemilambo ekufutshane okanye bayokuloba.
Utshintsho kwiintsapho zasezidolophini
Enkosi ku umbane kunye nemibhobho yangaphakathi Imisebenzi yasendlwini yenziwe yalula kwabo babenakho ukubanakho ukucoca izinto zokucoca izinto kunye nezinye izinto ezifanayo. Izibane zenze ukuba abantu bakwazi ukuhlala kamva ezixekweni kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwezinye izinto.
Umsebenzi
Ukusebenza kweedolophu kunye nezixeko kuthathe ukubonakala okwahlukileyo ngee-1920s. Ngeli xesha bekukho ifayile ye- ukufuduswa okukhulu Iintsapho zabantsundu ukusuka emaphandleni oMzantsi ukuya emantla ezidolophini ngenxa yesidingo sabo sokufumana imisebenzi ebhetele, nangona besasebenza njengomthombo wabasebenzi abancinci. Ngo-1890 malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zabantu base-Afrika baseMelika babehlala emantla, kodwa ngo-1930 malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 babehlala apho. Abafazi abamnyama abanamadoda asebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya babephindwe kabini njengabafazi abamhlophe kwimeko efanayo yokusebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya. Aba bafazi babekwanokwenzeka ukuba babe yintloko yekhaya, hayi ngenxa yemilinganiselo ephantsi yomtshato, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amadoda amnyama ayenamazinga aphezulu okusweleka ngenxa yeengozi zomsebenzi kunye nezinye izinto kunamadoda amhlophe.
Ukuxhaphaka kwabasetyhini kwi abasebenzi yenyuka iipesenti ezingama-25 ngeli xesha kuba uninzi lwabasetyhini lwaluthathe imisebenzi ngaphandle kwekhaya ngexesha le-WWI. Izigidi zabasetyhini ezixekweni nasezidolophini zisebenza imisebenzi Njenge stenographer, unobhala, umnxeba, umgcini wevenkile, okanye umsebenzi wefektri. Phantse iipesenti ezili-15 zabasetyhini abamhlophe abanomyeni abasebenza ngaphandle kwasebenzayo ngaphandle kwekhaya kwii-1920s.
Ubuntwana
Abantwana besiXeko basebenze imisebenzi ngaphandle kwekhaya njengokuthengisa amaphephandaba, izihlangu ezikhanyayo, okanye kwimizi-mveliso ukunceda ukuxhasa usapho lwabo. Kwakungekho ngo-1938 ukuba imithetho yezabasebenzi yabantwana yayilawulwa kakuhle ngurhulumente.
zithini iirhafu zombuso ezisetyenziselwa
Xa bebengasebenzi okanye benceda abazali babo, bonke abantwana abaneminyaka eyi-8 ukuya kweye-14 befuneka kuwo onke amazwe ukuba baye esikolweni unyaka nonyaka. Izikolo zesixeko zahlulwa zang izithili zesikolo nezikolo zikarhulumente ezixhaswa ngezimali ngurhulumente nezasekhaya. Oku kuvumele ukungalingani kwimigangatho yemfundo esekwe kwindawo ahlala kuyo umntwana. Izithili zezikolo ezizizityebi zazinako ukufikelela kootitshala abaqeqeshwe kakuhle kunye neencwadi ezingcono ngelixa izithili zezikolo ezihlwempuzekileyo zazinemithombo embalwa. Nangona ubhaliso kwi ezikolweni ibikhula ngeli xesha leminyaka, umahluko omkhulu kwimithombo yemfundo kunye nezixhobo ububonakala kwinto yokuba malunga neepesenti ezili-15 zabelungu ezindala kuneminyaka eli-14, abazalelwe apha okanye abazalelwe kwamanye amazwe, babengafundanga ngo-1920 ngelixa iipesenti ezingama-23 zabantu abamnyama kunye nabanye iintlanga zazingafundanga.
Ixesha lokonwaba
Iintsapho zeedolophu zazinokufikelela okungcono kwinyani Iindawo zemiboniso bhanyabhanya ihlala ibizwa ngokuba 'ngamabhotwe emifanekiso' kuba ayemakhulu kwaye egqithisile. Iithiyetha zazibandakanya izinto ezongezelelekileyo ezinjengezingane zabantwana, iilounge, kunye nomgangatho wokudanisa ukuhenda abantu ukuba batyelele rhoqo. Ukuphela kwee-1920s, malunga neyesithathu kwisine yamaMelika atyelele imiboniso bhanyabhanya qho ngeveki.
Umthetho wokuLungelelanisa
Iintsapho zazo zonke iintlobo bezijonge ukuphucula ubomi babo kunye nobomi ngokudibeneyo ngexesha le-1920s. Esi shumi leminyaka sixhase iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphila, kodwa uninzi lweeyunithi zosapho zazizama ukuhlala zingaguquki, zisebenza kunye kwiinjongo ezifanayo, kwaye zifumane ixesha lokonwaba.
