Ikhamera yokuqala ifakiwe

Amagama Aphezulu Ebantwaneni

Uyilo lwekhamera eyinqobo

Nangona iiyantlukwano zokuqala zeebhokisi ezimnyama ezinee-pinholes bezikho ngaphezulu kwewaka leminyaka, ikhamera yokuqala enokuthi ivelise umfanekiso ngokukhanya yaqanjwa ngaphantsi kweminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo. Ukusukela ngelo xesha, zininzi izinto zokuqala, kubandakanya nekhamera yokuqala yokuvelisa imifanekiso eneenkcukacha, eyokuqala ukuba isetyenziswe ngabathengi, kunye neyokuqala ukuvelisa ifayile yedijithali. Kunika umdla ukufunda malunga nokukhula kwesi sixhobo sobugcisa simangalisayo.





Ikhamera yokuqala yokuvelisa ifoto: i-Niépce

Ikhamera obscura, isixhobo esibhaliweyo malunga UAristotle ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2 300 eyadlulayo kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba isetyenziswe ngamagcisa aphambili anje IVermeer , ngukhokho kwikhamera yokufota; nangona kunjalo, ngokuka Isichazi-magama sesiNgesi saseOxford Ikhamera kufuneka ikwazi ukuvelisa umfanekiso kwifilimu, ephepheni, okanye kwenye into. Owona mqobo uphambili wecamera obscura yayikukuvelisa ukukhanya kuphela; kwakungenakwenzeka ukugcina umfanekiso. Yonke itshintshe ngo-1826 okanye ngo-1827 xa UJoseph Nicéphore Niépce iguqule i-obscura yekhamera ukuze ikwazi ukuvelisa ipleyiti yokufota.

ixesha eliphakathi lekati yecalico
Amanqaku afanelekileyo
  • Imifanekiso yeNostalgic yoMfanekiso
  • Ungaba njani umfoti
  • Indlela yokuthatha imifanekiso engcono

Isebenze njani

Ukuya yenza ifoto yokuqala ngekhamera yakhe, uNiépce wazama iipleyiti ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iphepha, i-vellum egutyungelwe nge-varnish, kunye nesinyithi. Wawambathisa amacwecwe ngohlobo lwe-asphalt kwaye wajonga indlela abachaphazeleka ngayo lilanga, ebiza amalinge akhe 'yi-heliography' okanye ukubhala kwelanga. Wazama amaxesha amaninzi ukwenza umfanekiso kwikhamera engabonakaliyo, kodwa wafumanisa ukuba umfanekiso uphela ngokukhawuleza. Ekugqibeleni, wazinza kwiplate ye-pewter, wayifaka ngasemva kwikhamera ye-obscura, kwaye wavelisa umfanekiso osekhona nanamhlanje.





Isiphumo

Nangona ikhamera kaNiépce yavelisa umfanekiso osisigxina, loo mfanekiso wawungacacanga ncam. Ifoto ngumbono ovela ngefestile, kodwa ngaphandle kokwazi kwinto awayejonge kuyo, umbukeli wanamhlanje uya kuba nengxaki yokuqonda imeko. Ukanti, yayiluphuhliso olubaluleke kakhulu olwenza uNiépce waba ngumqambi wekhamera yokuqala ukuvelisa ifoto yokwenyani.

Ikhamera yokuqala yokuPhumelela ngokurhweba: iDaguerre

Ikhamera ye-daguerreotype

Ikhamera yeDaguerreotype



Ngelishwa, ikhamera kaNiépce yayingeyompumelelo kwezorhwebo. Walile ukuveza inkqubo awayeyisebenzisa ukuvelisa imifanekiso, kwaye imifanekiso yayiswele ingcaciso kunye neenkcukacha. Waya kubambiswano nendoda egama lingu ULouis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre ngo-1829, kwaye la madoda mabini asebenza kunye ekucokiseni inkqubo kwaye ayenze ibe yimpumelelo kwezorhwebo. Ngelishwa, u-Niépce wasweleka ngo-1833 kwaye akazange abone impumelelo enkulu kwezorhwebo uDaguerre ayifumanayo ngokuguqula uyilo lwayo lwantlandlolo.

Isebenze njani

Esebenzisa inkqubo efanayo yebhokisi engenisa ukukhanya kumngxunya omncinci, uDaguerre wenza ikhamera enokuvelisa imifanekiso eneenkcukacha ezimangalisayo kwiphepha elikhazimlisiweyo lobhedu olwenziwe ngesilivere oluye lwenziwa lwasebenza kusetyenziswa iodine enomphunga. Ubeke iplate ngasemva kwekhamera emva koko wayityhila ekukhanyeni okwemizuzu embalwa. Emva koko, wawuphuhlisa lo mfanekiso esebenzisa imisi ye-mercury kwaye 'wawulungisa' okanye wawenza isigxina nge-sodium thiosulphate.

iwayini yeklabhu yenyanga yokujonga kwakhona

Isiphumo

Ikhamera kunye nenkqubo kaDaguerre zaphumelela kwangoko kwezorhwebo. Kuba banokuvelisa umfanekiso ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokweenkcukacha, bamkelwe kwihlabathi liphela. UDaguerre waba sisityebi kwaye wayenjalo odumileyo nasemva kokusweleka kwakhe ngo-1851. Iidaguerreotypes ezininzi zisasinda nanamhlanje kwiziko logcino-zincwadi losapho, kwiimyuziyam nakumathala eencwadi.



Ikhamera yokuqala yoMthengi: Eastman

Iidiliya Kodak

Kwangoko i-Kodak

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ezinye iindlela zepleyiti zaye zaduma ngokuvelisa iifoto ngeekhamera. Kwakukho ii-tintypes kunye neepleyiti zeglasi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, abafoti baqala ukuprinta ephepheni. Nangona kunjalo, ukufota bekusezobuchwephesha kuphela okanye kulingelo lwe-amateur. Kwakungekho ngo-1889 xa UGeorge Eastman Baqulunqa ikhamera ye-Kodak No. 1 yokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo baqale ukusebenzisa ikhamera ukubamba ixesha labo elibalulekileyo.

Isebenze njani

I-Kodak No. 1 yayiyibhokisi enkulu emdaka enesitshixo sokubhijela phezulu kunye nelensi ngaphambili. Abathengi bathenga malunga ne- $ 25 (ngaphezulu kwe $ 620 kwimali yanamhlanje) zilayishwe kwangaphambili ngefilimu ezi-100 ezifanelekileyo. Umboleki angayisebenzisa ukuthatha iifoto ezili-100 aze azithumele kwi-Kodak ukuze ziphuhliswe kwaye ziphinde zilayishwe, inkqubo ebiza malunga ne- $ 10. Imifanekiso evelisiweyo yayijikelezile.

Isiphumo

Ukujonga nakweyiphi na i-albhamu yeefoto zosapho kunokukuxelela ukuba obu bugcisa butshintshe njani ukufota. Ikhuphe ikhamera ngaphandle kwesitudiyo sefoto yaya nasekhaya, oku kukhokelela kwimifanekiso ethathe ubomi bokwenyani. Njengoko iminyaka yayihamba, ikhamera yabathengi yaqhubeka nokuhlengahlengiswa, kodwa yayiyi-Kodak No. 1 eyenza ukufota okungaqhelekanga kwenzeke.

Uhlala ixesha elingakanani umguli we-hospice

Ikhamera yokuqala yedijithali: iSasson

Ikhamera yokuqala yedijithali

Ikhamera yedijithali, ngo-1975

Itekhnoloji yekhamera itshintshile kule minyaka isinyithi kunye neepleyiti zeglasi zangena kwifilimu. Okwangoku, bekuhlala kukho ubudlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kokukhanya kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezisebenza kuzo. Ke, ngo-1975, injineli yase-Eastman Kodak egama layo USteve Sasson Qulunqa ikhamera yokuqala yedijithali.

Isebenze njani

USasson wahlanganisa ikhamera yakhe yedijithali evela kwezinye iinxalenye zeMotorola, iinzwa ezimbalwa, iibhetri ezili-16 ze-nickel cadmium, irekhoda yedijithali, kunye nelensi yekhamera yemovie ye-Kodak. I-behemoth eneepawundi ezisibhozo yafaka imifanekiso emnyama nemhlophe e 0.01 iipikseli ezinkulu , nganye nganye ithatha imizuzwana engama-23 ukuyila. Ukuzijonga, uSasson kunye nezinye iinjineli ze-Kodak kwafuneka bayile isikrini esikhethekileyo.

Iindleko zokucima ikati

Isiphumo

Nangona i-Kodak ikhethe ukungaphuhlisi uhlobo lwentengiso lukaSasson, ikhamera yedijithali yayiyeyona ndlela yekamva. Ngokwe- Umbutho weKhamera kunye neMveliso yokuThengisa , 24,190 zedijithali nangoku iikhamera zithunyelwa kubathengi ngo-2016. Oku kubandakanya inqaku kunye neekhamera zokudubula, kunye neeDSLR, kodwa ayizibandakanyi iikhamera zeselfowuni ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ngabathengi.

Uninzi 'lweeFirst' ezininzi

Ukusuka kwibhokisi elula eyenze umfanekiso ongacacanga, otyhafileyo kwipleyiti yepewter ukuya kwikhamera yedijithali enobungakanani betoaster, kuye kwakho izinto zokuqala ezininzi ezibalulekileyo xa kusenziwa ikhamera. Uphuhliso ngalunye lutshintshe umhlaba wokufota ngonaphakade, kwaye kuyonwabisa ukubagcina engqondweni xa uthatha umfanekiso wakho olandelayo.

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