Yonke imibutho ichaza ubuntwana ngaphakathi kweeparameter ezithile. Ukusukela ebusaneni ukuya ebusheni, kukho izinto ezilindelwe ekuhlaleni kuwo onke amanqanaba okukhula kwabantwana ngokubhekisele kubuchule babo kunye nokusikelwa umda, kunye nendlela ekufuneka benze ngayo kwaye bajongeke. Izambatho zidlala indima ebalulekileyo 'yokujonga' kobuntwana kumaxesha onke. Imbali emfutshane yokunxiba kwabantwana inika ulwazi malunga notshintsho kwithiyori yokukhulisa abantwana kunye nokwenza, iindima zesini, isikhundla sabantwana ekuhlaleni, kunye nokufana nokwahluka phakathi kwempahla yabantwana neyabantu abadala.
Isinxibo sabantwana abaselula
Phambi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iimpahla ezinxitywa ngabantwana nabantwana abancinci zabelana ngento eqhelekileyo-iimpahla zabo zazingena mahluko wesini. Imvelaphi yolu hlobo lwempahla yabantwana isusela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, xa amadoda aseYurophu kunye namakhwenkwe amadala aqala ukunxiba ii-doublets ezibhangqwe ngeebhulukhwe. Ngaphambili, abesilisa nabasetyhini bayo yonke iminyaka (ngaphandle kweentsana ezisongelweyo) babenxibe uhlobo oluthile lwengubo, ingubo, okanye ingubo. Nje ukuba amadoda aqale ukunxiba iimpahla ezibiniweyo, nangona kunjalo, iimpahla zamadoda nabasetyhini zahluka ngakumbi. IiBreeches zazigcinelwe amadoda namakhwenkwe amadala, ngelixa amalungu oluntu engaphantsi kwamadoda-onke amabhinqa kunye namakhwenkwe amancinci-aqhubeka nokunxiba iimpahla ezinxitywa. Ngamehlo ale mihla, kusenokubonakala ngathi xa amakhwenkwana amandulo ayenxibe iziketi okanye iilokhwe, ayenxiba 'okweentombazana,' kodwa kubantu bexesha lakhe, amakhwenkwe namantombazana ayenxibe ngokufanayo iimpahla ezifanelekileyo abantwana abancinci.
Amanqaku afanelekileyo- Izihlangu zabantwana
- Iingubo zaBantwana bamaKoloni
- Imbali yokunxiba kuMbindi Merika naseMexico
Ukusongela kunye neentsana
Iithiyori ezintsha ezithiwe thaca ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo ngabantwana kunye nobuntwana zibe nempembelelo enkulu kwimpahla yabantwana. Isiko lokusongela iintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa ngezisongelo zelinen phezu kweephepha kunye neehempe-bezikhona kangangeenkulungwane. Inkolelo yesiNtu esisiseko sokusongelwa yayikukuba imilenze yeentsana kufuneka ilungiswe kwaye ixhaswe okanye baya kukhula babe kruthu kwaye babumbe gwenxa. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, inkxalabo kwezonyango yokuba ukusongela kubuthathaka kunokuba yomeleze amalungu emilenze yabantwana yadityaniswa nemibono emitsha malunga nohlobo lwabantwana kunye nendlela ekufuneka bekhuliswe ngayo ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusetyenziswa kwe-swaddling. Umzekelo, kwincwadi kafilosofi kaJohn Locke yempapasho ye-1693, Ezinye iingcinga ngokumalunga neMfundo , wakhuthaza ukuba kuyekwe kusongelwe kwaphela kunxiba iimpahla ezinganxibanga, ezingenanto kwaye zinika abantwana inkululeko yokuhamba. Ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane elandelayo, ababhali abohlukeneyo bandise kwiithiyori zikaLocke kwaye ngo-1800, uninzi lwabazali baseNgilane naseMelika abasabophelelanga abantwana babo.
Xa kwakusenziwa isigqubuthelo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, iintsana zazikhutshwa zisongelwa phakathi kweenyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezine zize zifakwe 'kwiziliphu,' ilokhwe yelinen ende okanye ilokhwe yomqhaphu eneebhodi ezifakiweyo kunye neziketi ezigcweleyo ezolula unyawo okanye nangaphezulu. ngaphaya kweenyawo zabantwana; le mpahla mide ibizwa ngokuba 'ziimpahla ezinde.' Nje ukuba abantwana baqale ukukhasa kwaye kamva bahambe, babenxiba 'iimpahla ezimfutshane'-iziketi ezinde zamaqatha, ezibizwa ngokuba ziipitikoti, zidityaniswe neebhodi ezifanelekileyo, zokuvula ngasemva ezazisoloko zikhutshwa okanye ziqiniswe. Amantombazana ayenxiba le ndlela de kube lishumi elinesithathu okanye elinesine, xa benxiba iilokhwe ezivulekileyo zabasetyhini abadala. Amakhwenkwe amancinci ayenxiba iimpahla zepitikoti de abe afikelela ubuncinci kubudala beminyaka emine ukuya kwesixhenxe, xa 'babethwa ngumoya' okanye bethathwa njengabaqolileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba banxibe iinguqu ezincinanana zeengubo ezindala zamadoda, iivesti kunye neebhulukhwe zangaphantsi zamadoda. Ubudala bempepho yahlukile, ngokuxhomekeka kukhetho lwabazali kunye nokukhula kwenkwenkwe, eyayichazwa njengokubonakala kwendoda kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Ukuphefumla kwakuyinto ebalulekileyo yokuhamba kwabafana abancinci kuba yayifanekisela ukuba bayishiya ubuntwana ngasemva kwaye baqala ukuthatha iindima zamadoda kunye noxanduva.
Iintsana kwiigawuni
Njengoko umkhwa wokusongelwa kwamaphepha uyehla, abantwana banxiba iilokhwe ezinde ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kwiinyanga ezintlanu ubudala. Kwiintsana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nabantwana abasabhadazayo, 'iifrocks,' iinguqu ezinamaqatha ezinxibe iilokhwe, zithathe indawo yeebhotile eziqinileyo kunye neepitikoti nge-1760s. Impahla enxitywe ngabantwana abadala nayo iye yancipha kancinci kwinkulungwane yokugqibela yeshumi elinesibhozo. Kude kwaba li-1770s, xa amakhwenkwe amancinci aphefumlelweyo, aye ahamba ukusuka kwiipitikoti zobuntwana ukuya kwimpahla yabantu abadala eyenzelwe isikhululo sabo ebomini. Nangona amakhwenkwe ayesabethwa ngumoya malunga nesithandathu okanye isixhenxe ngeye-1770s, ngoku aqala ukunxiba iinguqulelo ezikhululekileyo zeengubo zabantu abadala- iibhatyi ezisikiweyo kunye neehempe ezinentamo evulekileyo ezineekhola ezirhabaxa-de babe kwiminyaka yabo yeshumi elivisayo. Kwakhona ngoo-1770, endaweni yokudibanisa i-bodice esesikweni kunye nepitikoti, amantombazana aqhubeka nokunxiba iilokhwe ezinesitayile, zihlala zinxitywa ngamabhanti esinqe ebanzi, ade abe mdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba anganxiba iimpahla zabantu abadala.
Isampula enkosi inqaku leentyatyambo
Olu hlengahlengiso kwimpahla yabantwana luchaphazele iimpahla zabasetyhini-iilokhwe ezintle ze-muslin ezinxitywe ngabasetyhini abanemfashini kwiminyaka ye-1780s kunye nee-1790s zijongeka ngokufana neefroksi abantwana abebezinxibile ukusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula kwelokhwe yabasetyhini be-chemise kuyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunxibe nje iinguqulelo zabantu abadala zeefroksi zabantwana. Ukuqala ngee-1770s, bekukho intshukumo ngokubanzi kude neebrukhwe ezomeleleyo ukuthambisa isilika kunye nelaphu lomqhaphu kwimpahla yabasetyhini, imeko eyahlangana nomdla onamandla kwilokhwe yamandulo kuma-1780s nango-1790. Iifroksi ezimhlophe zabantwana ezicocekileyo, ezinamakhonkco esinqeni zinika ukujonga okuphezulu, zibonelela ngemodeli efanelekileyo yabasetyhini kuphuhliso lweemfashini ze-neoclassical. Ngo-1800, abantu ababhinqileyo, amantombazana, kunye namakhwenkwe amancinci onke ayenxibe iilokhwe ezinesitayile esifanayo, ezinesinqe esiphakamileyo ezenziwe ngeesilika ezilula kunye neekhotshi.
Amasokisi eSkeleton Amakhwenkwe
Uhlobo olutsha lwempahla yenguqu, eyenzelwe ngokukodwa amakhwenkwe amancinci aphakathi kweminyaka emithathu ukuya kwesixhenxe, yaqala ukunxitywa malunga ne-1780. Ezi mpahla, zibizwa ngokuba 'ziisuti zamathambo' kuba zilunga kufutshane nomzimba, zazineebhulukhwe ezinde zemaqatheni kwibhantshi emfutshane enxitywe ngaphezulu kwehempe enekhola ebanzi ejikelezwe ziiruffles. Ibrukhwe, ezazivela kudidi olusezantsi nakwimpahla yasemkhosini, zachonga iisuti zamathambo njengezambatho zamadoda, kodwa kwangaxeshanye zawahlula kwisuti eneebhulukhwe ezifika emadolweni ezinxitywa ngamakhwenkwe amadala namadoda. Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1800, nasemva kokuba iibhulukhwe zithabathe ibhentshi njengokhetho lwefashoni, iisuti ezinamathambo ezinje ngesuti, ngokungafaniyo nesuti yamadoda kwisitayile, isaqhubeka njengengubo eyahlukileyo yamakhwenkwe amancinci. Iintsana ezityibilikayo kunye nabantwana abaphantsi kweefroksi, amakhwenkwe amancinci anxibe iisuti zamathambo, kunye namakhwenkwe amadala abanxibe iihempe zekhola eziqhotsiweyo de babe kwinqanaba lokufikisa, babonisa isimo sengqondo esitsha esandisa ubuntwana kumakhwenkwe, sahlulahlula kumanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo wobuntwana, ebukhwenkweni, kunye ulutsha.
I-Layettes yeNkulungwane ye-19
Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iimpahla zabantwana zaqhubeka nokuhamba kwindawo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane edlulileyo. Iilayiti ezitsha ezisanda kuzalwa zazineengubo ezinde ezifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo (iimpahla ezinde) kunye neehempe ezininzi, iminqwazi emini nasebusuku, i-napkins (amanabukeni), iipitikoti, iingubo zokulala, iikawusi, kunye nengubo enye okanye ezimbini zangaphandle. Ezi zambatho zenziwe ngoomama okanye bathunyelwa kwiindawo zokuthunga iimpahla, kunye neetayitile esele zilungile ezikhoyo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800. Ngelixa kunokwenzeka ukuba ube nomhla wengubo yesana yenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba esekwe kumahluko ofihlakeleyo ekusikeni kunye nohlobo kunye nokubekwa kweetreyini, iilokhwe ezisisiseko zatshintshe kancinci kule nkulungwane. Iilokhwe zabantwana ngokubanzi zazenziwe ngomqhaphu omhlophe kuba yayihlanjwa ngokulula kwaye ifakwe iblitshi kwaye yayihonjiswe ngeebhodi ezifanelekileyo okanye iidyokhwe kunye neziketi ezide. Ngenxa yokuba iilokhwe ezininzi zazichetyiwe zalungiswa kakuhle ngemfakamfele nangelaphu, namhlanje ezo mpahla zihlala ziphazanyiswa njengesinxibo esikhethekileyo. Uninzi lwezi mpahla, nangona kunjalo, yayiyimpahla yemihla ngemihla-umgangatho 'weeyunifomu' zabantwana ngelo xesha. Xa iintsana zisebenza ngakumbi phakathi kweenyanga ezine ukuya kwezisibhozo, zangena kwilokhwe ende emhlophe (iimpahla ezimfutshane). Phakathi kwinkulungwane yenkulungwane, ukuprinta okumibalabala kuye kwathandwa kwizambatho zabantwana abasele bekhulile.
Ukufika kweBhulukhwe yaMakhwenkwe
Isithethe samakhwenkwe amancinci ashiya iilokhwe kwimpahla yamadoda yaqhubeka ukubizwa ngokuba 'yimpepho' ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, nangona ibhulukhwe ngoku, hayi ibhulukhwe, yayiyingubo yokomfuziselo eyindoda. Ezona zinto ziphambili zichonga ubudala bempepho yayilixesha lenkulungwane yokuzalwa kwenkwenkwe, kunye nokukhetha komzali kunye nokukhula kwenkwenkwe. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1800, amakhwenkwana angena iisuti zawo zamathambo xa eneminyaka emalunga nesithathu, enxibe ezi mpahla ade aneminyaka emithandathu okanye esixhenxe. Iisuti ezinxibe ilokhwe ezinxibe ubude bamadolo phezu kweebhulukhwe ezinde zaqala ukubuyisela iisuti zamathambo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1820, zahlala kwifashoni kwade kwangoko pha koo-1860. Ngeli xesha, amakhwenkwe ayengathathelwa ngoyaba ngokusesikweni bade banxibe iibhulukhwe ngaphandle kwengubo yangaphantsi abaneminyaka emithandathu okanye esixhenxe. Nje ukuba babethwe ngumoya, amakhwenkwe enxibe iibhatyi ezinqamlezileyo, ezinqeni okhalweni de abe kwishumi elivisayo, xa benxibe iidyasi ezisikiweyo ezinomsila omde, ukubonisa ukuba ekugqibeleni bayifumene inqanaba labadala.
Ukusilela kwinqanaba le-4 yenja kwinja yam
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1860 ukuya kowe-1880, amakhwenkwe asuka ko-4 ukuya kwasixhenxe ayenxiba iimpahla ezinxitywayo ezazidla ngokulula kunezitayile zamantombazana ezinemibala ethotyiweyo kunye ne-trim okanye iinkcukacha 'zobudoda' ezifana nevesti. I-Knickerbockers okanye i-knickers, iibhulukhwe ezifika emadolweni zamakhwenkwe aneminyaka esixhenxe ukuya kwishumi elinesine, zaziswa malunga ne-1860. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo, amakhwenkwe abuyiselwa kwimiphetho eyaziwayo yeeknickers kwiminyaka yobudala nencinci. I-knickers enxitywa ngamakhwenkwe amancinci ukusuka kwisithathu ukuya kwisithandathu ibhangqwe ngeebhatyi ezimfutshane ngaphezulu kweebhlukhwe ezifakwe umtya, iiteniki ezinamabhanti, okanye iintloko zoomatiloshe. Ezi zinxibo zithelekisa kabukhali neenguqulelo ezazinxitywa ngabantakwabo abadala, iisuti zabo ezinamaqhina zazilungele iibhatyi zoboya, iihempe ezomeleleyo kunye neetayi ezine. Ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-1870 ukuya koo-1940, umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweempahla zamadoda nezabafana besikolo yayikukuba amadoda ayenxiba iibhulukhwe ezinde namakhwenkwe, amafutshane. Ukuphela kwe-1890s, xa ixesha lokuphola lalisele lehlile ukusuka kwinkulungwane ephakathi kwinkulungwane ezintandathu okanye ezisixhenxe ukuya phakathi kwembini neyesithathu, indawo apho amakhwenkwe aqala ukunxiba ibhulukhwe ende yayihlala ibonwa njengesiganeko esibaluleke ngakumbi kunokubethwa ngumoya.
Iingubo zamantombazana amancinci
Ngokungafaniyo namakhwenkwe, njengoko amantombazana enkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ekhula iimpahla zawo azange zitshintshe kakhulu. Abasetyhini banxiba iimpahla ezinxitywa ubomi babo bonke ukususela ebusaneni ukuya ebudaleni; Nangona kunjalo, ukusikwa kwengubo kunye neenkcukacha zesitayile ziye zatshintsha kunye nobudala. Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwelokhwe yamantombazana neyabafazi yayikukuba iilokhwe zabantwana zazimfutshane, ngokuthe chu zisiya kubude bomgangatho kwiminyaka yeshumi elivisayo. Xa izitayile ze-neoclassical zazisefashonini kwiminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane, abantu ababhinqileyo bayo yonke iminyaka kunye namakhwenkwe amancinci banxibe iilokhwe ezinesitayile esifanayo, ezinqeni eziphezulu ezinemikhono emincinci yeentsika. Ngeli xesha, ubude obufutshane beelokhwe zabantwana yeyona nto iphambili eyahlula kwimpahla yabantu abadala.
imibongo yosuku loomama abadlulayo
Abantwana base-Victorian
Ukususela malunga ne-1830 ukuya phakathi kwe-1860s, xa abafazi babenxibe ii-bodices ezinde ezinqeni kunye neziketi ezigcweleyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lwelokhwe olunxitywa ngamakhwenkwe amancinci kunye namantombazana angaphambi kwexesha lalifana kakhulu kuneefashoni zabasetyhini. Isinxibo 'somntwana' ngeli xesha sibonisa intamo ebanzi egxeni, imikhono emifutshane ekrwada okanye imikhono, ibhodi engafanelekanga edla ngokudityaniswa ibhinqwe ngaphakathi, kunye nesiketi esigcweleyo esahluka ngobude ukusukela ezantsi kwedolo ubude kubantwana abaselula ukuya kubude bethole kumantombazana amadala. Izinxibo zolu luyilo, zenziwe kwiikhotshi eziprintiweyo okanye iichardis zoboya, yayiyimpahla eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla yamantombazana de aya kungena kwimpahla yabantu abadala yabasetyhini kwiminyaka yabo yokufikisa. Omabini la mantombazana namakhwenkwe ayenxibe iibhulukhwe emhlophe eqatheni ebude bamaqatha, ebizwa ngokuba ziipantalo okanye iipantshi, phantsi kweelokhwe. Kwi-1820s, xa i-pantalets zaziswa okokuqala, amantombazana ayenxibe ngayo axhokonxa impikiswano kuba iimpahla ezibiniweyo zalo naluphi na uhlobo zazibonisa ubudoda. Ngokuthe ngcembe ii-pantalets zaye zamkelwa kuwo onke amantombazana nabafazi njengezambatho zangaphantsi, kwaye njengokuba 'eyabucala' ilokhwe yabasetyhini ingakhange ibe sisongelo kumandla endoda. Kumakhwenkwe amancinci, isikhundla sepentalets njengempahla yangaphantsi yobufazi kwakuthetha ukuba, nangona i-pantalets yayiyibhulukhwe kwezobuchwephesha, yayingakhange ijongwe njengokuthelekiswa neblukhwe elinxitywa ngamakhwenkwe xa babethwa ngumoya.
Ezinye iilokhwe zabantwana zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ngakumbi ezona zilokhwe zingcono kumantombazana angaphaya kweshumi, zazibonakalisa izimbo zabasetyhini ngemikhono enje yemfashini, i-bodice, kunye neenkcukacha ze-trim. Lo mkhwa ukhawuleze ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1860 xa izitayile ezixineneyo zangena kwifashoni. Izambatho zabantwana zangqineka iimpahla zabasetyhini zinokugcwala okubuyileyo, izinto ezicokisekileyo ngakumbi, kunye nokusika okutsha okwakusebenzisa inkosazana ukuthunga ukubumba. Ekuphakameni kokuthandwa kwabantu nge-1870s kunye nee-1880s, iilokhwe zamantombazana aphakathi kwesithoba ukuya kwishumi elinesine zazifakele iibhodi ezineengubo ezazikroboza kwiibhotile ezincinci, ezahluke kuphela kubude bengubo yabasetyhini. Ngama-1890, iimpahla ezilula, ezilungisiweyo ezineziketi ezi-pleated kunye neeblawuzi zoomatiloshe okanye iilokhwe ezinesiketi esigcweleyo eziqokelelwe kwiibhodi ezibotshelelwe edyokhweni zibonakalisa ukuba impahla iya isiba yinto efanelekileyo ngakumbi kumantombazana esikolo asebenzayo.
Ukuhlawulela iintsana
Iikhonsepthi ezintsha zokukhulisa abantwana ezigxininisa amanqanaba okukhula kwabantwana zinefuthe elibonakalayo kwimpahla yabantwana abancinci eqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Uphando lwangoku luye lwaxhasa ukukhasa njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwabantwana, kunye neqhekeza elinye elinebhulukhwe egcwele ibhloko, ebizwa ngokuba 'ziifaskoti ezinwabuzelayo,' zayilwa ngeminyaka yoo-1890 njengezinto zokufihla iilokhwe ezimhlophe ezimfutshane ezinxitywa ziintsana ezirhubuluzayo. Kungekudala, iintsana ezisebenzayo zesini kunye nesini zazinxibe ii-rompers ngaphandle kwengubo zangaphantsi. Ngaphandle kwempikiswano yangaphambili malunga nabantu ababhinqileyo abanxibe iblukhwe, ii-rompers zamkelwa ngaphandle kwengxoxo njengempahla yokudlala yamantombazana amancinci, iba yimpahla yokuqala yeebhlukhwe ezingafakwanga.
Iincwadi zeentsana kwii-1910s zazinendawo yokuba oomama bayiqaphele xa iintsana zabo ziqala ukunxiba 'iimpahla ezimfutshane,' kodwa olu tshintsho lwexesha-luhloniphekileyo ukusuka kwiingubo ezinde ezimhlophe ukuya ezimfutshane zakhawuleza zaba yinto yexesha elidlulileyo. Ngama-1920s, abantwana babenxiba iilokhwe ezimfutshane, ezimhlophe ukusukela ekuzalweni ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezinelokhwe ezinde eziyehliswe kwimisitho yokunxiba yobukristu. Iintsana ezintsha ziyaqhubeka ukunxiba iilokhwe ezimfutshane kwii-1950s, nangona ngeli xesha, amakhwenkwe ayesenza njalo kwiiveki ezimbalwa zokuqala zobomi babo.
nini ukutyala amaqunube eVirginia
Njengezitayile zokungqubana emini nasebusuku zinxibe iilokhwe, ziye zaba 'yunifom' yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yabantwana nabantwana abancinci. Iirompers zokuqala zenziwe ngemibala eqinileyo kunye nokutshekishwa kwe-gingham, ukubonelela ngokwahlukileyo kubumhlophe bemveku yomntwana. Kwiminyaka ye-1920, izimbo zezimbali kunye nezilwanyana zaqala ukubonakala kwimpahla yabantwana. Ekuqaleni ezi zoyilo zazingangqiniswanga njengezinto ezihombisayo, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe izinto ezithile zazinxulunyaniswa nesini esinye okanye enye-umzekelo, izinja kunye nemigqomo enamakhwenkwe kunye neekati kunye neentyatyambo ezinamantombazana. Nje ukuba ezo zinto zichwetheziweyo ngokwesondo zivele kwiingubo, bakhethe nezitayile ezazifana nokusikwa 'njengeyenkwenkwe' okanye yengubo 'yentombazana'. Namhlanje, kukho intabalala yokunxiba kwabantwana kwimarike ehonjiswe ngezilwanyana, iintyatyambo, izixhobo zemidlalo, abalinganiswa bekhathuni, okanye ezinye iimpawu zenkcubeko edumileyo- uninzi lwezi zinto zinento yokwenza nobudoda okanye ubufazi kuluntu lwethu kwaye ke nazo iimpahla ziyavela.
Imibala kunye noMbutho weSini
Imibala esetyenziselwa iimpahla zabantwana ikwanophawu lwesini-namhlanje, le yeyona ndawo imelwe ngokubanzi luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubafana abangamakhwenkwe kunye nepinki yamantombazana. Nangona kunjalo kwathatha iminyaka emininzi ukuba le khowudi yombala ize ibekwe emgangathweni. Ipinki kunye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwakudityaniswa nesini nge-1910s, kwaye bekukho iinzame zakuqala zokwenza imibala ngesini esinye okanye enye, njengoko kubonisiwe yile ngxelo ye-1916 kupapasho lwentengiso. Ukuphononongwa kweentsana nabantwana: '[T] wamkele umthetho jikelele upinki kwinkwenkwe kwaye uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwintombazana leyo.' Emva kwexesha ngo-1939, a Imagazini yabazali Inqaku lalibeka ukuba kuba ipinki yayingumbala obomvu ngombala, umbala wothixo wemfazwe uMars, wawulungele amakhwenkwe, ngelixa ubudlelwane obuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noVenus kunye neMadonna bewenza umbala wamantombazana. Ukuziqhelanisa, imibala yayisetyenziswa ngokutshintshisanayo kuzo zombini iimpahla zamakhwenkwe namantombazana de kube semva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, xa indibaniselwano yezimvo zoluntu kunye nomququzeleli womvelisi omiselwe ipinki yamantombazana kunye neblue kubafana-idictum esasebenza nanamhlanje.
Ngaphandle kwesi sigunyaziso, nangona kunjalo, umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyaqhubeka uvumelekile kwimpahla yamantombazana ngelixa i-pinki iyaliwe kwisinxibo samakhwenkwe. Into yokuba amantombazana angazinxiba zombini ezipinki (ezobufazi) nemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (eyindoda), ngelixa amakhwenkwe enxibe oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphela, ibonisa imeko ebalulekileyo eyaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800: ekuhambeni kwexesha, iimpahla, izihombiso, okanye imibala eyake yanxitywa ngabafana abancinci kwaye amantombazana, kodwa ngokwesiko anxulumene nempahla yabasetyhini, ayamkelekanga kwimpahla yamakhwenkwe. Njengokuba iimpahla zamakhwenkwe zikhula zincinci 'njengabasetyhini' ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukuphalaza izithambiso kunye neenkcukacha zokuhombisa ezinje ngeeleyisi kunye neeruffles, iimpahla zamantombazana zikhula ngakumbi 'njengendoda.' Umzekelo ophikisayo wale nkqubela phambili wenzeka kwii-1970s, xa abazali babebandakanyeka 'kubaxhasi' bokukhulisa abantwana ngokucinezela abavelisi bempahla yabantwana 'ngaphandle kwesini'. Okumangalisayo kukuba, iimpahla ezinxibe ibhulukhwe bezingenasini kwaphela kuba bezisebenzisa izimbo, imibala, kunye neetreyini ezamkelekileyo kumakhwenkwe, zisusa naziphi na izihombiso 'zobufazi' ezinje ngeempahla ezipinki okanye ngombala ojijekileyo.
Ukunxiba kwabantwana banamhlanje
Amantombazana ngo-1957
Kwisithuba senkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ezo zazizinxibe ibhulukhwe eyindoda kuphela-zaye zamkeleka ngakumbi isinxibo samantombazana nabasetyhini. Njengamantombazana amantombazana aphuma ngaphandle kwe-rompers ngo-1920, iimpahla zokudlala ezintsha ezineminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu ubudala, ezenziwe ngeebhulukhwe ezipheleleyo phantsi kweengubo ezimfutshane, zaziyimpahla yokuqala yokwandisa iminyaka apho amantombazana anganxiba ibhulukhwe. Ngo-1940, amantombazana ayo yonke iminyaka ayenxiba iimpahla zebhulukhwe ekhaya nakwiminyhadala yoluntu, kodwa kwakusalindelwe-ukuba ayinyanzelekanga-ukuba banxibe iilokhwe kunye neziketi esikolweni, ecaweni, emathekweni, nasevenkileni. Malunga ne-1970, ibhulukhwe eyomeleleyo eyadibanisa ubudoda yayonakele kangangokuba isikolo kunye neekhowudi zokunxiba eofisini zagqitywa zanikwa ibhulukhwe yamantombazana nabafazi. Namhlanje, amantombazana anganxiba iimpahla zebhulukhwe phantse kuzo zonke iimeko zentlalo. Uninzi lwezi zitayile zepant, ezinje ngeebhulukhwe zeebhulukhwe eziluhlaza, ngokuyimfuneko zi-unisex kuyilo kunye nokusikwa, kodwa ezinye zininzi zichwethezwe ngesondo ngokuhombisa nangombala.
Impahla ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ebusheni
Ukufikisa bekulixesha lomceli mngeni kunye nokwahlukana kwabantwana nabazali kodwa, phambi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ulutsha aluzange luvakalise inkululeko yalo ngokubonakala. Endaweni yokuba, ngaphandle kwee-eccentrics ezimbalwa, abakwishumi elivisayo bamkele imiyalelo yangoku yefashoni kwaye ekugqibeleni banxibe njengabazali babo. Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ekuqaleni, nangona kunjalo, abantwana bahlala bethumela imvukelo kulutsha ngokunxiba nangokubonakala, bahlala bezinxibe ngendlela ezingafaniyo nesinxibo esiqhelekileyo. Isizukulwana se-jazz sowe-1920s saba sesokuqala ukudala inkcubeko yolutsha ekhethekileyo, kwaye isizukulwana ngasinye esiphumelelayo senza iingqungquthela zayo ezizodwa. Kodwa i-vogue zolutsha ezinje nge-bobby sox ngeminyaka yee-1940 okanye iziketi ezimdaka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 azikhange zibe nempembelelo enkulu kwimpahla yanamhlanje yabantu abadala kwaye, njengokuba ulutsha lufudukela ebudaleni, bazishiya ngasemva ezo fashoni. Kwakungekho kude kube li-1960s, xa isizukulwana se-baby-boom sangena ebusheni apho izitayile ezithandwayo ngabakwishumi elivisayo, ezinje ngeengubo zangaphantsi, iihempe zamadoda ezimibalabala, okanye ii'hippie 'ijean kunye nezikipa, zasebenzisa izitayile zabantu abadala ezilondolozayo kwaye zaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezona ziqhelekileyo ifashoni. Ukusukela ngelo xesha, inkcubeko yolutsha iye yaqhubeka ukuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwifashoni, ngeendlela ezininzi eziphazamisa imigca phakathi kwempahla yabantwana neyabantu abadala.
Bona kwakho Izihlangu zabantwana; Ifashoni yoLutsha.
indlela yokuhla kwiitattoo zethutyana
Uluhlu lweencwadi
UAshelford, uJane. Ubugcisa bokunxiba: Iingubo kunye noMbutho, 1500-1914. ILondon: I-National Trust Enterprises Limited, ngo-1996. Imbali ngokubanzi yesinxibo esinesahluko esiboniswe kakuhle kwisinxibo sabantwana.
UBuck, uAnne. Iimpahla kunye noMntwana: Incwadana yesinxibo sabantwana eNgilane, 1500-1900. ENew York: UHolmes noMeier, ngo-1996. Ukujongwa ngokugqibeleleyo kwempahla yabantwana yesiNgesi, nangona umbutho wezinto ezithile udidekile.
UCallahan, uColleen, kunye noJo B. Paoletti. Ngaba yintombazana okanye yinkwenkwe? Isazisi ngokwesini kunye neZambatho zaBantwana. IRichmond, Va. IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali iValentine, 1999. Incwadana epapashwe kunye nomboniso wegama elifanayo.
ICalvert, uKarin. Abantwana kwiNdlu: Inkcubeko yeZinto zoBuntwana boBuntwana, 1600-1900. I-Boston: I-Northeastern University Press, ngo-1992. Isishwankathelo esigqwesileyo sokukhulisa abantwana kunye nokuzilolonga njengoko zinxulumene nezinto zobuntwana, kubandakanya iimpahla, iithoyi kunye nefenitshala.
URose, uClare. Iimpahla zabantwana ukusukela ngo-1750. INew York: IDrama yeNcwadi yabapapashi, 1989. Ushwankathelo lwempahla yabantwana ukuya ku-1985 eboniswa kakuhle ngemifanekiso yabantwana kunye nezambatho zokwenyani.
