Izixhobo Ezingahlaziywa

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla efosili, engavuselelekiyo, kunegalelo kwi ukunyuka kobushushu behlabathi ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwekhabhon diokside (phakathi kwezinye iigesi). Ngaphandle kwezibaso, kukho ezinye izibonelelo ezinqabileyo ezingenakuhlaziywa kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo.

Ukunqaba kwezixhobo ezingavuselelekiyo

Izixhobo ezingavuselelekiyo yimithombo yamandla apho unikezelo okanye oovimba abazinzileyo bachaza IYunivesithi yaseOregon State . Ezi zixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kwaye zigqitywe ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ziveliswa yimvelo. Njengoko Utyalomali ibonisa, kuthatha amawaka ezigidi eminyaka ukwenza ezi zixhobo, zisenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo kungazinziswa. Njengonikezelo luyancipha, kuya kuba nzima ukuzisebenzisa. Ke ngenxa yeenjongo ezibonakalayo ezi zibonelelo zigqityiwe. Ukurisayikilisha kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye izinto ezinokuhlaziywa kunokunceda ukwandisa ukubonelela kwabo okuncinci. Nazi iinyani ngokubhekisele ekungahlaziyweni:

Inkqubo ye- Ingxelo ye-BBC Ngo-2014 ukuba kumanqanaba okusetyenziswa okungenakuhlaziywa kulo nyaka, ihlabathi liza kuphelisa ioyile kwiminyaka engama-40, irhasi kwiminyaka engama-50 kunye namalahle kwiminyaka engama-250.
Kukho okwaneleyo 'ukubonelela ngobuchwephesha' begesi yendalo ukugcina i-US iminyaka engama-93 kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa kuka-2014. Nangona kunjalo, inxenye yoku ayisiyo 'mithombo eqinisekisiweyo' kwaye ukubaxhaphaza akunakuba nakho ukusebenza ngokwezoqoqosho nangokobuchwephesha ngokwe-2016the U.S. Ingxelo yoLawulo loLwazi lwezeNdalo (EIA) .
Umnxeba iingxelo umhlaba awuyi kuphelelwa yioyile kunye negesi kuba itekhnoloji entsha inokuphucula ukukhutshwa. Nangona kunjalo, iyavuma ukuba kubaluleke ngoku ngoku kukugxininisa ekusetyenzisweni kwemithombo evuselelekayo njengombane kunye ne-hydrogen ezimotweni, okanye ukuveliswa kwamandla, okunciphisa ukufunwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweoyile kunye negesi.

Amanqaku afanelekileyo

Iinyani malunga naMandla eSolar
Iindlela Zokuthintela Ungcoliseko Lomoya
Imifanekiso yeZiphumo zokuFudumala kweHlabathi

Imithombo yamandla eMine eMiselweyo eMandla

Mane imithombo yamandla engavuselelekiyo esetyenziswa rhoqo, utsho I-EIA (ayinakuhlaziywa) . Ezokuqala ezintathu zizibaso. Oku kuthetha ukuba zazenziwe ngentsalela yezityalo nezilwanyana kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo. Amafutha e-fossils anokuba kwifom eqinileyo, engamanzi, okanye yegesi.

Amafutha amafutha anje ngamalahle, igesi yendalo, kunye neoyile ekrwada zithatha izigidi zeminyaka ukuyila, kugxininisa IJografi yeSizwe . Amafutha asefossil enziwe ikakhulu ngekhabhoni, kuba imvelaphi yawo yintsalela yezityalo ezifileyo, ulwelwe kunye neplankton ezihlala ezilwandle okanye kumachibi. Ngaphezulu kwamakhulu ezigidi zenyikima yonyaka eziqokelelweyo kwaye zangcwatywa phantsi 'kokwenza uxinzelelo nobushushu.' Oku kuye kwatshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe intsalela yamalahle, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo. Ke xa i-fuels fuels zitshisiwe ikhabhoni ebiqokelela kwizigidi zeminyaka ikhutshwa kwaye yongeza kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Iimveliso zeoyile kunye neePetroleum

Ingxelo ye-BBC ithi amadama e-oyile afunyanwa phakathi kwamatye, anokumpontshwa ngemibhobho ngokulula. IZiko lokuFunda lezeNdalo naMandla (EESI) ithi i-oyile ekrwada iyenzeka nakwisanti ye-shale kunye ne-tar. Njengokuba amadama esoma, amashishini ajika abe yi-oyile ekrwada enzima kwiisanti zetar kunye ne-shale ekunzima ngakumbi, ukungcolisa nokubiza kakhulu ukuyikhupha.

Njengoko i-EIA (ayinakuhlaziywa) icacisa, i-oyile ekrwada iyasetyenzwa icocwe ukwenza ipetroleum (efana nerhasi okanye idizili), ipropane, ibutane kunye neethane. Zonke zinokusetyenziswa njengemithombo yamafutha / yamandla. Ezinye iimveliso ezingezizo ezomlilo ezifana neeplastikhi, izichumisi, izinambuzane ezibulala izitshabalalisi kunye namayeza asebenzisa ioyile ekrwada njengeyona nto iphambili ngokwe-EESI.

Xa i-oyile ikhutshiwe emhlabeni, iphela iphela. Umhlaba unokuzalisa ioyile kuphela ngexesha lokuma komhlaba.

Irhasi yendalo

Ifana neoyile ekrwada, zimbini iintlobo zerhasi yendalo, uyacacisa Umanyano lweeNzululwazi eziXhalabileyo .

Irhasi yendalo eqhelekileyo ifumaneka ematyeni anokungena lula kwimithombo kunye nemibhobho.
Irhasi yendalo engaqhelekanga Njenge 'shale gas, irhasi exineneyo, ibhedi yemalahle imethane, kunye nemethane hydrate, kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ukuyixhaphaza kunedipozithi eziqhelekileyo, kude kube kutshanje.' Zombini irhasi ye-shale kunye ne-gas yebhedi yemethane irhasi ikhutshwa ngokuqhekeka, ngelixa igesi exineneyo isebenzisa ukubhola okuthe tyaba kwaye imethane hydrate ibambeke emanzini afriziwe phantsi kolwandle kwi Artic.

Irhasi yendalo isetyenziselwa imveliso yamandla, kwaye ngokwe-a Imbono ye-EIA yeXesha elifutshane laMandla , inegalelo kwi-34% yamandla ase-US ngo-2016. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukufudumeza kunye nombane kwizakhiwo, ngokwe-EESI. Iindidi zezinye iimveliso zifuna igesi yendalo kwimveliso, njengezichumisi kunye neeplastiki.

Amalahle

Amalahle yindlela eqinileyo yezibaso ezintathu. Inkqubo ye- Umbutho wamalahle wehlabathi ithi i-U.S. yayingumvelisi wesibini ngobukhulu wamalahle emva kwe China ngo-2014. Amalahle kufuneka asombululwe ukuze asuswe emhlabeni kwaye zimbini iintlobo zemigodi:

Imigodi yomphezulu ivelisa ama-66% amalahle eMelika ngo-2015 ngokwe Ingxelo Yamalahle Yonyaka ye-EIA (Itheyibhile 11) . Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yamalahle kufutshane nomphezulu wemba emhlabeni ngoomatshini abakhethekileyo, ngokutsho IZiko laMalahle leHlabathi .
Ukumbiwa phantsi komhlaba isetyenziselwa iipokotho zamalahle ezinzulu. Igumbi kunye neentsika, kunye nokumbiwa kwemigodi emide ziindlela ezimbini ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye zivelise i-40 ukuya kwi-75% yamalahle abonisa iZiko leMalahle leHlabathi. Ukumbiwa phantsi komhlaba kubonelele nge-34% yamalahle e-US ngo-2015 ngokwengxelo yamalahle ye-EIA.

Ngo-2016, amalahle asenamandla angama-30% emandla e-US, ngokwe-EIA yeXesha elifutshane le-Outlook yezaMandla. Kunyaka ophelileyo ngo-2015, njengoko amanani e-EIA ebonisa, amalahle abone ukwehla okukhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwe-15% e-U.S Ingxelo ka-2016 yoMgcini Oku kuthetha ukuba oku kwehla kubukho begesi yendalo enexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye okwesibini kukukhula kokukhula komoya kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla elanga, kunye nokugxininisa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa, njengoko amalahle engoyena ungcolisi kuwo onke amafutha.

Uranium

I-Uranium kuphela komthombo wale mithombo yamandla ongeyiyo i-fossil fuel ngokwe-EIA (ayinakuhlaziywa). I-Uranium sisinyithi esiqhelekileyo esifumaneka kumkhondo phantse kuyo yonke indawo amanqaku Umbutho weHlabathi weNyukliya (WNA) . Ininzi ngaphezu kwegolide okanye isilivere.

I-uranium ekumgangatho ophakamileyo ikhutshwa kunye 'nobuchule bezemigodi njengokuncitshiswa kothuli, kwaye kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, iindlela zokuphatha kude, ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwemitha yabasebenzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwindalo esingqongileyo nakuluntu ngokubanzi,' ibhala iWNA.

I-Uranium isetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya nakwezinye iindlela. Amandla enyukliya enza i-20% yokuveliswa kwamandla e-US kwi-2016 ngokwe-EIA yeXesha elifutshane le-EIA. Njengamafutha asefosili, yakuba i-uranium ithathiwe emhlabeni, ayinakuze iphinde ibekho.

AyisiZibaso zeFossil nje

Nangona le mithombo yamandla e-fossil ingoyena mntu upapashwa ngokubanzi kwimithombo yamandla engahlaziyekiyo, kukho abanye, njengezimbiwa, ezibonelelwa zizinzileyo. IYunivesithi yaseIndiana icacisa ukuba iiminerali ezininzi zenziwa ngeenkwenkwezi kwaye ngexesha lokusekwa komhlaba kwaye zikhona kumbindi nakuqweqwe lwayo. IYunivesithi yaseTulane Qaphela ukuba malunga ne-20 ukuya kwi-30 yezimbiwa zibalulekile; ezinye zidibanisa ukuvelisa amatye. Ukukhupha ezi minerali, amatye okanye ii-ores ziyacolwa kwaye zilungiswe okanye zilungiswe. Ukuba ubuntu bebunokukhupha nayiphi na kwezi minerali zibalulekileyo neziluncedo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungene endaweni yazo.

IAluminiyam : I URoyal Society yeKhemistry (RSC) iingxelo zezona izimbiwa zixhaphakileyo emhlabeni kwaye zenza iipesenti ezisi-8 zazo. Esi sinyithi siveliswa nge-bauxite. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza 'iinkonkxa, iifoyile, izixhobo zasekhitshini, iizakhelo zefestile, ii-kegs zebhiya, kunye neenqwelo moya. Ngaphezulu kwe-30% yayo iphinde isetyenziswe kwakhona.
Ubhedu : IGeology.com uthi ubhedu lusetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zokwakha, amandla kunye nemveliso ye-elektroniki, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso yomatshini / yezithuthi. Kuba kubalulekile kulwakhiwo nasekuhambiseni umbane, ukunqongophala kobhedu kunokuba nefuthe elibi kuqoqosho. Kuphela yi-30% yayo okwangoku iphinde isetyenziswe kwakhona. Inkqubo ye- KwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan Iingxelo zokuba zijikeleze i-'18, i-000 ephindwe ka-000 yobhedu 'isetyenziswa ngonyaka kunokuba yenziwe nguMhlaba.
Intsimbi Iipesenti ezingama-90 zentsimbi eyenziwe yintsimbi kwaye njengensimbi isetyenziselwa 'ukwakha, iibheringi, izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo zokuhlinzwa kunye nobucwebe,' ngokwe RSC (Intsimbi) . Amanqaku e-RSC kukho umngcipheko ophakathi kunikezelo lwayo.
Isilivere : RSC (Isilivere) amanqaku esilivere sisinyithi esixabisekileyo esisetyenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe, iingqekembe zemali kunye neetafile. Inokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ekwenzeni izipili, iisekethi eziprintiweyo kunye 'neelali zamazinyo, i-solder kunye ne-alloys brazing, abafowunelwa ngombane kunye neebhetri.' Kuveliswa iitoni ezingamawaka angamashumi amabini ngonyaka, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-30% iyaphinda iphinde isetyenziswe, ke ngoko kukho umngcipheko omkhulu wokuphela kwezi zinto.
Igolide : Amashumi asixhenxe anesibhozo eepesenti asetyenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe. Zonke ezinye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-bullion kunye neengqekembe, nakwizinto ze-elektroniki, iikhompyuter, ugqirha wamazinyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-aerospace, phakathi kwabanye. Inezinto ezimbalwa ezinokubambela kunye nonikezelo olulinganiselweyo ngokweGeology.com .

Amandla aVuselelekayo noNgcoliseko

Zininzi iimpembelelo kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo ezinxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla angahlaziyekiyo.

Ubushushu bukazwe lonke

Ukutsha kwezibaso kuye kwaba negalelo kwisithathu-sesine sezinto ezikhutshwayo kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo ekhokelela ekufudumaleni kwehlabathi, iingxelo Amandla . Ngokwe-petroleum ye-EESI, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo inoxanduva lwe-42%, i-32% kunye ne-27% yokukhutshwa kwegesi ekrwada eMelika ngo-2014.

Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kuka-2014 ukuya ku-2016 ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi kuye kwahlala kuzinzile nangona uqoqosho lonyuke nge-3% ngokwe UMgcini . Oku kwenzeke 'ukusukela oko amaMelika asebenzisa ioyile kunye negesi ngakumbi ngo-2015, (kodwa) i-United States yehlisa ukukhutshwa ngeepesenti ezi-2.6 njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kuyekisiwe,' Inzululwazi yaseMelika amanqaku . Irhasi yendalo ivelisa ukukhutshwa okuncinci xa kuthelekiswa namalahle okanye ioyile ifumana uManyano lweeNzululwazi eziKhathazayo.

Imiba yezeMpilo

Xa amafutha e-fossil etshisa, akhupha i-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-hydrocarbons, i-particle matter kunye ne-sulfur oxides kumoya womhlaba, ngokwe Umanyano lweeNzululwazi eziNenkxalabo (iindleko ezifihlakeleyo) . Ungcoliseko lomoya yinkxalabo enzulu yezempilo ekhokelela ekuhlaselweni sisifo sentliziyo, iba mandundu imeko yokuphefumla kunye nentliziyo, isifuba kunye nokudumba kwemiphunga, kwaye kunokubangela ukufa. Iintsana, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala ngabona basemngciphekweni.

Ungcoliseko

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-fuel fuels kukhokelela kungcoliseko lomoya, imvula eneasidi, ungcoliseko lwezondlo oluchaphazela umoya, amanzi nomhlaba kuyasiqinisekisa i-U.S. I-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo (i-EPA) . Ukongeza ukukhupha kunye nokuhambisa ioyile, ngaphambili, kukhokelele ekuchithekeni kweoyile nakwizinto ezityibilikayo, zingcolisa amanzi kwaye zonakalise imeko yendalo ejikeleze iindawo ezilahlekileyo kunye nokuchitheka. Ukongeza, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, indlela yokutsala amalahle, ayishiyi indawo iyinkqantosi kuphela, kodwa izimbiwa ezijikeleze amalahle ngokwawo zi-asidi. Ezi zimbiwa zishiya ngasemva emva kokumba umgodi, zishiya indawo ingcoliswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ithintela amandla okukhula kwezityalo ezintsha.

Amandla enyukliya ayabiza, kwaye ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yingxaki kwaye kukhokelele kwintlekele kwixesha elidlulileyo okwenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kungazinzi, ubhala Uxolo oluluhlaza .

Imeko yeHlabathi yezaMandla

Kude kube amandla asebenzayo, azinzileyo kwaye ahlaziyekayo asasazeke, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla engavuselelekiyo kuhlala kuyinto eyimfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, umkhwa wokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo ulungile, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwefosili yamandla ehlabathi kwehle ukusuka kuma-94.5% ngo-1970 ukuya kuma-81% ngo-2014 ngokwe Ibhanki yeHlabathi . Amazwe afana neJamani anikezela ngamandla enyukliya kwaye atshintshele kumanqaku ahlaziyiweyo INew York Times .

E-US, i-fossil fuels kunye zisabalwa i-81.5% yokuveliswa kwamandla ngo-2015, ngokwe I-EIA . Ngo-2015, abantu abaqeshwe kwimizi-mveliso yelanga okokuqala bafumana abo baqeshwe kwi-oyile kunye nasekuxhatshazweni kwegesi yendalo ngokwe IBloomberg. Kungenzeka ukuba ube ne-36% yamandla avela kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo ngo-2030 kwaye uhlangane nokuzibophelela eParis ngo-2015, ngokwe Guardian .

Ukutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indlela abajonga ngayo abathengi ngokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla engavuselelekiyo ibisenzeka kutshintsho olukhulu. Abantu abaninzi bayayiqonda imiphumo eyonakalisayo yezibaso ezingafumanekiyo kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye baqala ukuthatha amanyathelo asebenzayo okunciphisa umkhondo wekhabhoni. Uninzi lwezi zinto zilula kwaye azidingi kutshintsho lwendlela yokuphila, njengokucima izibane (kwaye usebenzise iibhalbhu zokonga umbane) xa uphuma kwigumbi, usebenzisa amandla elanga ekhaya, kunye nokufaka izixhobo ezisebenza ngokukuko emakhayeni abo. Izimvo zokuphila eziluhlaza njengokuthenga i-hybrid gas / iimoto zombane, ukuqhuba kancinci, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweeplastikhi, kwaye okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iindlela ezilula zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokupheliswa kwezinto ezingavuselelekiyo.