Intshukumo yoyilo lwasemva kwexesha lwanaba ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, iqala ngoyilo lwee-1960s, nangona usuku lwayo lwalususela malunga ne-1970 ukuya kwi-1990. Yayiyimvukelo eyomeleleyo ngokuchasene neengcinga ezincinci zedizayini yanamhlanje. Uyilo lwasemva kwexesha luza kubandakanya izimvo ezingahambelaniyo kugxininiso lokudlala, ubugcisa kunye nesimbo esikhulu.
Ukuqala kwexesha elitsha
Inkcubeko yaseBohemian yeehippies kwii-1960s zavula indlela yexesha elitsha lokubonisa ngobugcisa, umculo, ifashoni kunye noyilo. Amandla eentyatyambo kunye neenwele ezibalekayo zasimahla zilandelwe kuyilo olucacileyo olujijekileyo ngokujija kweefom kunye nesimboli kwaye le mpembelelo ekugqibeleni yaba sisimbo esinqamlezileyo sangaphakathi.
Amanqaku afanelekileyo- Uhlobo lwe-Eclectic yoyilo lwangaphakathi: I-8 Ngaphandle-kweBhokisi yeeNgcaciso
- Imifanekiso yasekhitshini yaseColonial yokuKhuthaza iiMbono zakho
- Isitayile seLizwe esiChukumisayo esiHombisa iiMbono zeKhaya
Owona mthombo mibini mikhulu wokuqhuba kwentshukumo yangasemva yayikukuyilwa kwaseMelika kunye noyilo olukhulu lwase-Itali, ngokwe UGlenn Adamson, umgcini we 'Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970-1990,' umboniso obubanjelwe eLondon eVictoria naseAlbert Museum. Ifom khange ilandele ukusebenza kwiingcamango zobhedu zoyilo lwasemva kwexesha langoku. Yayikukuhamba ngesiquphe kwezinto ezingaphantsi, ezona zincinci zoyilo lwangoku.
Uqhushululu luyaqala
URobert Venturi ubizwa ngokuba ngomnye wemizekelo yokuqala yoyilo lwasemva kwexesha langoku-indlu awayilungiselela umama wakhe. Yagqitywa ngo-1964, i Indlu yaseVanna Venturi inesakhiwo esingaqhelekanga esilula kwaye sinzima kuyilo lwayo oluphikisanayo. Uphahla olumiselweyo lunika indlu imilo yomzobo ofana nomntwana. Ukutyeshela umgaqo we-Modernist wokuba umhombiso awunandawo kwizakhiwo, uVenturi kunye neqabane lakhe loyilo, uDenise Scott Brown, bongeze izinto ezingasebenziyo ezinje nge-arch engaxhasiyo kunye netshimini enkulu yenkohliso. Ubungakanani be-asymmetrical kunye nokubekwa kweefestile zangaphambili yenye indlela eyaphukileyo elawula isibini esasisebenza ngokuchasana nemigaqo ye-Modernist yokulinganisa kunye nokucoceka, imigca engaphazanyiswanga kunye nefom.
Ngaphakathi kwekhaya, uVenturi wadlala ngengqondo yesikali, ephumeza indawo yomlilo engaphezulu kunye nezinyuko ezingaphantsi ezikhokelela ndawo. Uyilo olukhulu, olungahambelaniyo nalo lwamkelwa sisikhululo sikamabonwakude saseChicago, iWTTW (Window to the World), njengenye yezo Izakhiwo ezili-10 eyatshintsha iMelika. URobert Venturi naye wabhala iincwadi malunga neengcamango zakhe zokwakha ezigxeka imigaqo engabonakaliyo yenkqubo yanamhlanje Ubunzima kunye nokuphikisana kwi-Architecture (1966) kunye Ukufunda eLas Vegas (Ngo-1972).
I-Deconstructivism kunye ne-Wave entsha
Iimpembelelo zangaphambili zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwasemva kwexesha kodwa zihlala zine-eclectic okanye i-twist eqhubekayo. Inkqubo ye- Imigaqo ephambili yePostmodernism zazintsonkothe kwaye ziphikisana. Ukufezekiswa okuphezulu okucetyiswe kuyilo lwanamhlanje kwathathelwa indawo yi-deconstructivism kunye nobuhle be-apocalypse yasezidolophini.
Ukujonga okokuqala kweGrunge
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, umyili wezakhiwo UFrank Gehry uthabathe ikhaya lakhe laseSanta Monica waqamba wabuya walakha ngokutsha ngendlela ebonakala ngathi ayinaso isicwangciso esihambelanayo. Usebenzise iinguqu ezingxamisekileyo ezibonakala zikhona ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo:
- I-drywall yangaphakathi yasuswa ukuze iveze ulwakhiwo
- Ikhonkco lokudibanisa kunye neplywood zongezwa ngaphandle
Ukusetyenziswa kukaGehry kweepaneli zetsimbi ezirhangqiweyo njengendawo yokuhombisa kwiindonga zangaphandle zotshintsho lwasekhaya lwalungaphambi kwexesha lazo, njengoko oku kujongeka kwakuqhelekile kuphahla lwenqanawa kunakwimizi yasedolophini. UGehry uqhubeke nokuyila ezinye zeemyuziyam ezinzima kakhulu nezingaqhelekanga emhlabeni.
I-Punk isendlwini
Iifilosofi ze-subculture kunye nokuchasana nokusekwa kwexesha le-punk zazilungile ngokuhambelana nePostmodernism. UVivienne Westwood Yayiyingcali eyadala i-punk fashion yee-70s kunye nee-80s zakuqala. Ngo-2009, wadibana noCole kunye noonyana ukwenza ingqokelela ye iphepha lodonga . IWestwood izise nenkcubeko yaseBritane Inkampani yeRug Ngo-2006, apho iintsalela ezigugileyo, ezigugileyo zeflegi ye-Union Jack ziphinde zaveliswa zaba ziraphu, ezibiza imali eninzi, iitapile zodonga okanye imiqamelo yentsingiselo.
Ngenisa iGagasi elitsha
Kwiminyaka elishumi yoyilo yee-1980, yonke into yaba yingxelo yesitayile. Iimpawu zemihla ngemihla ezinemibala eqaqambileyo, iimilo zemidlalo yeqonga kunye neefom ezibaxiweyo zaba yimbonakalo ephambili kwifashoni, kwifenitshala nakwizincedisi.
Ifowuni yesitayile ye-Kitschy 1980
Imizobo yokusika kubugcisa, iimagazini kunye nevidiyo zomculo zinike amandla i-post-punk subculture esasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Ushicilelo olunjengoDomus lubonakalise inkangeleko yezitayile ezintsha zefenitshala ezivela kubayili base-Italiya abanjengo Studio Alchimia kunye neMemphis. Umculi ongasekhoyo, uDavid Bowie, wayengumlandeli omkhulu kwaye umqokeleli yoyilo lweMemphis . Le yayiyiNew Wave kwaye umfanekiso yayiyinto yonke.
Ngaba isidoda siyafa xa sibetha ioksijini
IiMasters zexesha langoku
Ngexesha lokugqibela kwe-20thkwinkulungwane, i-Italiya yaba liziko lehlabathi loyilo, enkosi kuyilo iinkosi okanye 'inkosi' yoyilo enje ngo-Alessandro Mendini kunye no-Ettore Sottass.
Uvulindlela Wenene
Kwimagazini Ucacisa u-Alessandro Mendini njengentliziyo yentshukumo yoyilo olukhulu e-Italiya phakathi kweminyaka yama-60s nama-70s kwaye kamva, iPostmodernism. UMendini ubenegalelo elikhulu ekwaziseni intshukumo ngegalelo lakhe kwiimagazini zoyilo zase-Italiya kubandakanya uCasabella, Modo noDomus.
Njengoyilo, uMendini wenza iziqwenga ezazibonisa ngokungacacanga, zinemibala eqinileyo kunye neepateni ezibukhali. Uyilo lwakhe oludumileyo yi- Sihlalo we-Proust ka-1978. UMendini 'waphinda wahlengahlengisa' isihombiso esihonjisiweyo, isakhelo somthi esinesihlalo seBaroque esenziwe ngombala omhlophe ngokwenza iprojekti kwisilayidi kuso kunye nokupeyinta ngesandla ipateni ye-pointillism kuyo yonke indawo. Usihlalo wahlengahlengiswa ngoludwe lweepateni ezimibala-bala elishumi emva kweminyaka elishumi, njengoko kunokubonwa kulo 2009: IProust Geometrica.
Ngo-1979, uMendini kunye neqaqobana labayili be-avant garde, kubandakanya umhlobo wakhe kunye no-Ettore Sottas, badibana ukuze benze i-Studio Alchimia. UMendini wafakela uburharha kwiinjongo zala maxesha ezingabandakanyi ukusetyenziswa kwemibala eqaqambileyo kunye neefom zokubaxa ngokwenza izinto ezinemibala eqaqambileyo eneemilo zemidlalo yeqonga kunye neekitsch motifs.
U-Alessandro Mendini uhlala ebizwa ngempazamo njengelungu leqela laseMemphis, njengoko wayeyile ipisi kwingqokelela yabo yokuqala ngo-1981. Kodwa ke, uMendini uxelele iW Magazine ukuba akasamkelanga isicelo sikaSottass sokuzibandakanya, nanjengoko wayefuna ukuhlala noAlchimia.
Iqela laseMemphis
Ngo-1981, iqela labaqulunqi bezimvo ezifanayo eMilan bathatha intshukumo yoyilo lwakamva nje kwinqanaba elitsha ngokuqala koloyilo lwefenitshala yesibindi eSalone del Mobile. Eyilwe ngumyili, u-Ettore Sottass, the Iqela leMemphis elidumileyo kubandakanya uPeter Shire, uMichael Graves, uGeorge Sowden, uMichele De Lucchi kunye noNathalie Du Pasquier, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngemibala enesibindi, engqubanayo, iimilo ezingaqhelekanga kunye neepateni zasendle, iziqwenga zeMemphis zenzelwe ukunxibelelana ngezimvo. Ukujonga okunempembelelo kwifenitshala yaseMemphis kubandakanya indibaniselwano yeemilo zejiyometri ezigqithileyo ezenziwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kwimibala eqaqambileyo, eyahlukileyo. Iipatheni zemizobo emnyama namhlophe nazo zaziqhelekile. Oku kugqityiweyo, phantse isitayile sekhathuni salawula uninzi lwee-1980. Nanku ukujonga okufutshane kumalungu amathathu asisiseko:
U-Ettore Sottass
U-Ettore Sottass uncede ekuchazeni ukujongwa kwempahla yendlu yangoku kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-laminates enemibala eqaqambileyo, iifom zemizobo kunye nezinto ezingasebenziyo. Inqaku lakhe leCarlton lebhokisi enezinto ezinemibala, iishelufa zeekona kunye neencwadana ezinqanyuliweyo. Icele umngeni umbono wokuba kutheni indawo yokugcina iincwadi kufuneka ibonakale njengendawo yokugcina iincwadi.
Incwadi kaCarlton ebhalwe ngu-Ettore Sottass
UGeorge Sowden
UGeorge Sowden, umyili we-elektroniki ophumelele amabhaso ka-Olivetti, waba lilungu elasungula iqela laseMemphis, kunye nentombi yakhe / oza kuba ngumfazi kunye nomdibanisi woyilo, uNathalie Du Pasquier. Ungayibona iphothifoliyo yeziqwenga zeSowden's Memphis e Sowden Uyilo.com , ezibandakanya iikhabhathi ezimibalabala, izitulo ezimnandi kunye neewotshi ezinesibindi, iipateni ezimenyezelayo.
UNathalie Du Pasquier
UNathalie Du Pasquier Ngokuyintloko ngumzobi oboleke italente yakhe kwiqela laseMemphis ngohlobo lokutsala amehlo, iipateni ezinamandla ezisetyenzisiweyo kwilaphu, izinto zokuhombisa kunye nefenitshala epeyintiweyo. Xa uMemphis waqhekeka ngo-1987, uDu Pasquier wabuyela kwipeyinti kunye nokukrola kwi studio sakhe eMilan. Xa umdla kwisitayile sePostmodern savela kwishumi lesibini leminyaka elitsha, uDu Pasquier wavusa uyilo lwe-retro kwi ukusebenzisana neZambatho zaseMelika . Ungathenga iipilo zomlomo, ibhafu kunye neetawuli zaselwandle ezineepateni zikaNathalie Du Pasquier kwi Ivenkile yaseFinland yoyilo , ebekwe eFinland kodwa inikezela ukuthunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela (cofa kwikhonkco kwii-US ezihanjiswa kwikona ephezulu ngasekhohlo).
Iipateni ezintsha zamaza nguNathalie Du Pasquier
Imva yangoku 2.0
Yithande okanye uyithiye, Iilwandle Ukwazisa ukubuya kwePostmodernism ehlotyeni lowama-2015. Uyilo olunqamlezileyo kunye nendawo yokwakha yabonisa uthotho olude lwasehlotyeni olubhiyozela ilifa lePostmodernism enesihloko esithi, 'Pomo summer.' Ukukhuthazwa yimiboniso efana ne 'Uhlobo kunye nokuGuqulwa' Kwimyuziyam yaseLondon iV & A ngasekupheleni kuka-2011 kwaye Umboniso weTotemism kaLi Edelkoort ngo-2013, entsha Umgangatho weMemphis ngo-2014 Ndincedile ekuvuseleleni inkangeleko yakutshanje; Isitayile esiphenjelelwe lixesha lobugcisa be-Art Deco, i-whimsical vibes yoBugcisa bePop kunye nokuguqulelwa ngokutsha kwexesha elidlulileyo.
Iimpawu zoyilo zamaGumbi angasemva
Ifenitshala yoyilo kunye nezixhobo zihlala zibiza, ngakumbi xa ziyimvelaphi yeediliya kunye noyilo lwase-Italiya. Nangona igumbi eligcwele iimpahla zeMemphis ezinokubhenela kuphela kubathengi abanobuchule bokuzifumana, ezi zixhobo ze-eclectic zisengabandakanywa ngobunono kwezinye izikimu zoyilo kwiidosi ezincinci. Olu tshintsho lwefomathi oluqhubayo lukhuthaze abanye abayili abadumileyo kubandakanya ifashoni yeenqwelo moya nguChristian Dior kunye nefenitshala kaMateyu Sullivan.
Igumbi lokutyela langoku
Ifashoni, UKarl Lagerfeld , yathathwa nangohlobo lwe-Memphis-Milano yoyilo kwaye yagcwalisa indlu yakhe ngempahla yesitayile sePomo. U-Lagerfeld wahamba nengwevu ethambileyo, engathathi hlangothi kwiindonga zendlu yakhe, engakhuphisani nemibala enesibindi yefanitshala kunye nezixhobo.
Igumbi lokutyela laseMemphis likaKarl Lagerfeld
I-Sleek, i-flooring yamatye igcwalisa indawo ecwebezelayo yefenitshala elaminethiweyo ebandakanya:
- Itafile kaPierre nguGeorge Sowden - Itafile yeetafile inepateni ecekeceke ye-DRM ngelixa imilenze igutyungelwe ngeebhloko ezibomvu oqaqambileyo, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka notyheli. Itafile yeediliya kwi Artemest Ixabisa malunga ne- $ 12,000.
- Izitulo ze-Riviera ezenziwe nguMichele de Lucchi - Ezi zitulo zeplastikhi zibunjiweyo ngeminwe yazo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunzima ukuza ngoku kwiseti ezine; ILagerfeld ibonakala inezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuba awufumani seti yeediliya, zisenziwa kwaye zithengiswe emthonjeni, IMemphis-Milano , e-Italiya malunga ne-1300 Euro okanye i- $ 1380.
- I-Malabar Sideboard ngu-Ettore Sottas -Le bhodi engaqhelekanga, efana nebhodi esecaleni edibanisa izinto zemveli ezenziwe ngomthi kunye neelaminates ezibusy kunye neekholamu ezimibalabala ezixhasayo. Ubuninzi beeshelfu zibonelela ngendawo eyaneleyo yeglasi yezobugcisa zasemva kwexesha kunye nezinto eziqokelelweyo. Ixabiso lokubuza iidiliya kwi 1dibs yi- $ 18,500.
- UMarco Zanini Iglasi yeMori Carafe -qala ingqokelela yakho yobugcisa bepomo ngale glasi yomdiliya yase-Italiya imangalisayo, $ 3,600 nje Umgaqo weRuby .
Ngokucacileyo, kuthatha uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluphezulu kakhulu ukuhombisa igumbi kwifenitshala yeediliya kunye nezixhobo. Kodwa usengayifaka i-Postmodern vibe kwisikimu sakho sokuhombisa ngokulandela imigaqo-nkqubo yokuntsokotha kunye nokuphikisana okuxubene ne-retro touch wit, kitsch okanye uburharha.
Igumbi eliKhulu emva kwexesha langoku
Abaqulunqi bexesha langoku bazabalazela ukwenza iziqwenga zencoko, bexuba inkcubeko ye-pop kwimpahla ephezulu kunye nokuguqula izinto eziqhelekileyo zibe ziimpawu zodidi. Ukucinga ngaphandle kwebhokisi kuzise ukudityaniswa okungafaniyo kwemibala, izixhobo kunye nokwenziwa.
Uhlobo lwangoku lwegumbi elikhulu
Igumbi lokuhlala eliboniswe apha kunye nomdwebo we-retro brown, orenji kunye notyheli ngombala une-70s vibe ekwenza ukuba ufune ukukhaba izihlangu zakho kwaye uhambe unganazi zihlangu kuloo ndawo ipholileyo, iqabaka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izitulo zokutyela ezi-turquoise, iiglobes ze-avocado chandelier, i-cobalt kunye ne-vases eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nezitulo ezi-green green accent share zabelana ngendawo nge-pops enesibindi ye-pumpkin orange, sunflower yellow kunye ne-mustard. Sisikimu sombala esintsonkothileyo, esahlukileyo esisetyenziswe kwimpahla ye-sleek kakhulu, yexesha langoku.
Itafile yekofu eqingqwe ngobugcisa ibonakala ngathi inomphezulu owenziwe kwisilayidi esikhulu selog yeRedwood exhaswa yimilenze yomthi elaminethiweyo. Iglasi ephezulu yetafile yesibini iyanqumla kumda wesilayidi selog, ukujoyina iitafile zibe nye. Ukuhlala ecaleni kwesofa emdaka yesikhumba kukho iitafile zokuphela ezimile okogqunywe ngombala ocwebezelayo, wesinyithi onesiphumo esithandekayo. Ishelfu ende emhlophe ejikeleza phezu kwesingqengqelo ibonakala ingasebenzi ngenxa yokucaca kwekristale, izitulo zesiporho seLucite ezibekwe kwelinye icala. Olunye uphawu lwasemva kwexesha olubekiwe kweli cebo loyilo lweli gumbi kubandakanya:
- Izakhelo ezingasebenziyo ezixhonywe eludongeni
- Indawo yokubasa yomlilo inyuswe ngokungathi bubugcisa bodonga
- Isikali esibaxekileyo sokukhanya kwesikhanyiso esijingayo
- Izitulo zesitayile seFrench Neoclassical ezenziwe ngezinto ze-acrylic zangoku
- IiNods kwiArt Deco kwizitepsi zebanister kunye neemoto zokudlala zeanti
- Umxube ohlukeneyo wezinto kunye nokwenziwa
Amagumbi angaqhelekanga egumbi, imigca yolwelo ekukhanyeni kwesilingi kunye nekholamu yokuhombisa ziimpawu ezibonakalayo zendlela yobuhle yangoku.
Uhlobo oluchasayo inkcazo
Nangona ixesha langemva kwexesha elidlulileyo lihlala ixesha elifutshane, luyilo oluqhekekileyo oluquka i-cornucopia ye-expressionism kunye nengcamango yamahhala. Uyilo lwasemva kwexesha lwanamhlanje lubhiyozela ii-motifs zangaphambili, iifashoni eziqaqambileyo, ikamva le-dystopi kunye neendlela ezihlekisayo. Kubonakalisa inkcubeko ekhawulezayo, ekhawulezayo yekhulu lama-20 eyacelomngeni iikhonsepthi zangaphambili malunga noyilo kunye nokuzisa ukwamkelwa kwesitayile ngokwaso.
