Ukusebenza kwenqanaba lomntu one-autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ukuxilongwa kuxhomekeke kubukhali beempawu zakhe, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokuphazamiseka kunxibelelwano, kunye nokuziphatha kunye nezakhono zentlalo. Ukufunda ngendlela iingcali zengqondo kunye nezinye iingcali zonyango ezivavanya umntu ukuba afumanise isifo se-autism kunye nokunikezela inqanaba lomsebenzi kunokukunceda uqonde kwaye ulawule esi sifo.
Amanqanaba okuSebenza kweAutism
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iingcali zabela enye yeendlela ezintlanu ze-autism emntwaneni emva kovavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuka IZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo yeNgqondo , esekwe kulwazi lwangoku:
- I-Autism luphawu (uluhlu) lokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokusilela kwisifo esinye endaweni yeqela lokuqonda isifo.
- Usebenzisa iikhrayitheriya ezithile zokuqonda isifo, inqanaba lokusebenza komntwana okanye umntu omdala kwinqanaba le-autism lihlelwa ukusuka kubumnene ukuya kubukrakra ngokusekwe ekukhuleni kwakhe kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kunye nokufunda:
- Kwisiphelo esinye sembonakalo ngabantwana nabantu abadala abangakwaziyo ukusebenza eluntwini ngenxa yokusilela kwabo.
- Kwelinye icala ngabo 'quirky' abantu abanokukhokelela kubomi obuzimeleyo nobunempumelelo.
- Imidlalo yeBongo Autistic
- Ukusebenza ngokubanzi
- Iingcebiso zokuKhulisa abantwana nge-Autism
Inqanaba lokusebenza elichongiweyo lichaza apho umntwana okanye umntu omdala ewela khona kwi-autism spectrum kunye nokuba angaphila ngokuzimela njani.
Ukwenza isifo
Iimpawu ze-autism ziyabonakala ebuntwaneni bokuqala, zihlala ziphambi kweminyaka emithathu. Iingcali zokhathalelo lwempilo zisebenzisa iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni ukufumanisa isifo se-autism kunye nokuchonga ubungqongqo bokusebenza kwesi sifo.
Uhlelo lwesihlanu lowama-2013 lweAmerican Psychiatric Association's (APA) Incwadana yokuqonda isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (I-DSM-5) ifuna iiseti ezimbini zeendlela zokuchonga isifo se-autism. Unokuzikhuphelela Iphepha leenyani ze-DSM-5 autism ukusuka kwiwebhusayithi ye-APA. Ezi zilandelayo zimbini ze-DSM-5 zokuchonga ukusebenza:
- Ukusilela kunxibelelwano kunye nokunxibelelana kwezentlalo, kubandakanya:
- Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolwimi
- Ukungabikho koqhagamshelwano lwamehlo kunye nokuzibandakanya nabanye
- Ukuphazamiseka ekusebenziseni nasekuqondeni ulwimi lomzimba kunye nembonakalo yobuso
- Impendulo engaqhelekanga yokubonisa iimvakalelo okanye uthando
- Ukungabikho kovelwano ngokubhekisele, umdla kubo, nokunxibelelana nabanye abantu, kunye nokugcina ubudlelwane
- Umda othintelweyo kunye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindwayo, kubandakanya:
- Ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuphindayo, njengokugungqa umzimba kunye nokubetha ngesandla
- Ukuphindaphindwa kwamagama, amabinzana, okanye izivakalisi, kunye neerobhothi okanye iphethini yengoma yokuthetha
- Ukucwangciswa okunyanzelekileyo kwezinto zokudlala kunye nezinye izinto
- Umdla ongaqhelekanga kunye nokubandakanyeka okungagungqiyo kwindawo yomdla okanye wokuzonwabisa
- Ukungonwabi okuphawulwe ngokutshintsha kweendlela
- Impendulo engaqhelekanga kwimbonakalo kunye nezinye izinto ezinje ngezandi, amavumba, uburhabaxa, kunye nobushushu
Ukunikezela iNqanaba lokuSebenza
Ekugqityweni kovavanyo olunzulu lomntwana kunye novavanyo, iingcali zabela elinye lamanqanaba amathathu okusebenza kwe-autism ukusuka kubumnene ukuya kubunzima ngokusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya zeDSM-5 zale sabelo A Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo (CDC) Iphepha lenyani linika umzekelo wokulinganiswa kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi, ezinje ngobukrelekrele kunye nezakhono zentlalo nezonxibelelwano. La macandelo alandelayo ashwankathela i-DSM-5 amanqanaba amathathu e-autism njengoko kuchaziwe Autism Iyathetha .
Inqanaba 3 okanye iAutism eSebenzayo
Abantu abakumanqanaba 3 okanye i-autism esebenzayo ephantsi bakwisiphelo esibi kakhulu sebala. Abantwana kunye nabantu abadala bafuna inkxaso ebalulekileyo, kwaye abantu abadala abane-autism abanako ukuhlala ngokuzimela. Ezi ngxaki zilandelayo zichaphazela kakubi amandla omntwana okanye abantu abadala okusebenza esikolweni, ekhaya, okanye emsebenzini, okanye ekubeni nonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo nolwalamano.
Ukusilela kakhulu kuNxibelelwano lomlomo
Uninzi lwabantu abafunyaniswe benesifo esiphantsi se-autism aluthethi. Abo bathethayo banobunzima obukhulu bokusebenzisa amagama ukunxibelelana. Iphepha leenkcukacha zeCDC elikhankanywe apha ngasentla liphawula ukuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-40 zabantwana abakwi-autism spectrum abazithethi. Aba bantwana abanako ukusebenzisa amagama athethwayo kunxibelelwano lwabo nabanye. Banokutolika gwenxa ngomlomo nangokuthetha.
Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okanye ukusebenza kwengqondo
Abanye abantu abane-autism eqatha banokuba nolunye uhlobo lokuziphatha okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ukusebenza kwengqondo kuyancipha, kwaye abanye abantu bane-IQ engaphantsi kwama-70. Oku kuzisa iingxaki ngokuziphatha okuguqukayo njengokuzinakekela kunye nonxibelelwano.
Ukuziphatha okugabadeleyo
Ngenqanaba 3 le-autism, kukho ukulungiswa okugqithileyo kwiimbalwa, zihlala zi-atypical, ekuziphatheni ngaphandle kwabanye. Kukho ukuphindwaphindwa okuphawulweyo kokuziphatha okuthintelweyo, kwaye oku kunokuchaphazela kakubi imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye nokuzibandakanya nabanye.
Ukuba unyanzelwe ukujongana notshintsho kwinkqubo yesiqhelo, umntu unokucaphuka okanye abe nomsindo. Ukongeza, ukungakwazi ukunxibelelana kunye nokugcwala ngokweemvakalelo kunokukhokelela kukukhathazeka kunye nokuziphatha okuphazamisayo okanye okuyingozi kuye nakwabanye.
Ukonakala kwizakhono zentlalo
Umntu one-autism enzima unengxaki yokunxibelelana nabanye abantu. Umntwana okanye umntu omdala angakukhupheli ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo ukunxibelelana nabanye kwaye akhethe ukuba yedwa. Umntu lowo usenokungayazi into ethethwa okanye eyenziwa ngabanye, kwaye kungathatha umzamo omkhulu ukufumana ingqalelo yakhe.
Inqanaba lesi-2 okanye i-Autism esebenzayo
Abantu abanenqanaba 2 okanye i-autism esebenzayo yokumodareyitha bahlala befuna uncedo kodwa banokuba nenqanaba elithile lokuzimela kwimisebenzi yabo nakwiimeko zokuphila njengabantu abadala. Bobabini abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abanenqanaba 2 le-autism banokubonisa le mingeni ilandelayo.
Ubunzima ngoNxibelelwano lomlomo
Umntu one-autism esebenzayo yokumodareyitha kungenzeka ukuba unemiceli mngeni kunxibelelwano lomlomo. Iincoko zakhe zisenokuba ze-atypical kwaye zenziwe lula kwaye zibandakanye ulwimi oluphindaphindwayo okanye izenzo zomlomo ezingasebenziyo. Umntu unokukhetha ukunxibelelana ngemiqondiso okanye izixhobo zetekhnoloji.
UkuSebenza okuQhelekileyo okanye okuSezantsi kweNgqondo okuSebenzayo
Umntu one-autism emodareyitha unokuba nenqanaba elithile lokudodobala kwengqondo, okanye unokuba ne-IQ eqhelekileyo malunga ne-100. Lo mntu unokufumana imisebenzi yokuzinakekela icelomngeni.
Ezinye zeengxaki zokuziphatha
Abo banenqanaba 2 okanye i-autism esebenzayo yokumodareyitha banokulungiswa kwiindlela ezithile zokuziphatha. Kukho ukuphindwaphindwa kokuziphatha, njengokuhamba kwiinzwane okanye ukujikeleza kwizangqa. Ezi ndlela zokuziphatha ziphindaphindayo zinokubangela ubunzima kwezentlalo, esikolweni, emsebenzini nakwezinye iisetingi.
Aba bantu banokuba ngaphezulu okanye bangabuthathaka kwizandi, izinto ezikubonayo, kunye nezinye iintlobo zokukhuthaza. Ukongeza, banokuchasa ngenkuthalo naluphi na utshintsho kwindlela yesiqhelo.
Ukungasebenzi kweNtlalo
Umntu omdala okanye umntwana onesifo sokumodareyitha esilinganiselweyo unezinga elithile lobunzima ekuhlaleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo uyazi ukuba abanye basegumbini kodwa banokubonakala bengenanto kwabanye abantu. Umntu unokukuphepha ukuzama ukunxibelelana nabanye, kwaye banokufumana umngeni ukuqala ukudibana nalo mntu.
Inqanaba 1 okanye iAutism esebenzayo ePhakamileyo
Abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abakwinqanaba loku-1 okanye i-autism ephezulu yokusebenza banelona zinga lincinci lokuphazamiseka. Abantu ababekhe bafunyaniswa ukuba yi-Asperger's Syndrome bawela kolu luhlu. Uninzi lwabantu abasebenza ngokukuko oluphezulu bahlala kwaye basebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Abo bachaphazelekayo banezi mpawu zilandelayo.
Izakhono eziQhelekileyo zomlomo kodwa uNxibelelwano oluNzima
Abantu abasebenza ngokugqibeleleyo abanezakhono zomlomo eziqhelekileyo kodwa bakufumanisa kunzima ukuba neengxoxo eziqhelekileyo zokubuyela umva kunye nabanye. Ilizwi labo linokubonakala ngathi liyirobhothi okanye lingaqhelekanga.
Abantu banokuzabalaza nokusetyenziswa kolwimi. Umzekelo, unokwazi izifanokuthi ezininzi 'zotywala' kodwa akufumane kunzima ukucela isiselo.
Ngengqondo eQhelekileyo okanye eNgentla
Abantu abane-autistic spectrum ephazamisekileyo banobukrelekrele obuqhelekileyo kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, bafumana amanqaku aphezulu ngaphezulu kwesiqhelo kwiimvavanyo ze-IQ. Ngaphandle koku, banokuba nengxaki nemisebenzi ethile, ngakumbi leyo ifuna ukuba bathathe izigqibo ngequbuliso okanye batshintshe iindlela eziqhelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba abantu abaninzi abane-autism bathathelwa ingqalelo njengeziphiwo kwaye banokugqwesa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
Bambalwa abaThintelweyo, abaPhindayo kwiZinto ezinokuziphatha
Umntu osebenza nge-autism ephezulu usebenza kancinci ekuziphatheni okuthintelweyo nokuphindaphindayo kunaleyo inamanqanaba aphezulu e-autism. Kunqabile ukuba aphazamise abanye ngezi ndlela zokuziphatha.
Ndijonga njani ibhalansi yam kwikhadi lam lemalmart?
Umntwana okanye umntu omdala angakhulisa umdla wakhe kwisihloko esinye. Ngamanye amaxesha angasokola ukusuka komnye umsebenzi uye komnye, onokuthi uchaphazele umsebenzi wesikolo okanye umsebenzi.
Unxibelelwano lweAtypical yoLuntu
Umntu okwinqanaba elisebenzayo lokusebenzisa i-autism angazabalaza ngamanqaku acocekileyo okunxibelelana kwezentlalo. Unokuba nobunzima ekunxibelelaneni nabanye abantwana okanye oontanga abadala, kubandakanya ukudibana kwamehlo okanye ukutolika ulwimi lomzimba kunye nethoni yelizwi. Lo mntu unokuba nobunzima bokuqonda umbono wabanye.
Ukuphuculwa kwamanqanaba okuSebenza
Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba inqanaba lokusebenza lomntu kwimbonakalo ye-autism inokutshintsha kakhulu ngonyango olululo kunye nonyango. Ijenali IPediatrics ipapashe ingxelo yophando yokuba imodeli yokungenelela kwangoko yaphucula ii-IQ zabantwana nge-avareji yamanqaku ayi-17.6.
Ukongeza, ukungenelela kwangethuba, ngakumbi ngaphambi kweminyaka emithathu, kunokuphucula indlela yokuziphatha, ukusebenza koluntu, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi, kunye nemicimbi yokuziphatha. Oku kungakhokelela kuphuculo ngokubanzi kubuchule bomntu bokusebenza kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Umahluko kwiNqanaba lokuThintela
Wonke umntu one-autism wahlukile, kwaye kukho umahluko kwinqanaba lokukhubazeka ngakunye komntu ofanayo. Ukongeza, phakathi kwabantu abafunyaniswe benenqanaba elifanayo le-autism, ezinye izinto ezingasebenzi kakuhle zinokubonakala ngakumbi kwabanye abantu kunakwabanye. Inqanaba lokusebenza elabelwe umntwana okanye umntu omdala likwasebenza njengesikhokelo sokuba loluphi unyango, ungenelelo kunye nenkxaso ayifunayo ukufezekisa ezona ziphumo zintle zokusebenza.
