I-toga yayisisambatho sangaphandle esasisongelwe kwiRoma yamandulo. Imvelaphi yayo mhlawumbi inokufumaneka kwifayile ye- tebenna , Ingubo enesangqa enxitywe ngabantu base-Etruria, abantu ababehlala peninsula yase-Italiya kwindawo ekufuphi naleyo yayihlala amaRoma. Ookumkani abaliqela baseRoma yayingu-Etruscan kwaye uninzi lwenkcubeko ye-Etruscan yathathwa ngamaRoma. I-toga isenokuba yenye yezi zinto.
I-toga yayiyingubo yokomfuziselo kumaRoma. Kwakuneefom ezininzi, kodwa toga ipura okanye ilokhwe eyindoda yayiyeyona ibalulekileyo. Kwindlela yayo yokuqala i-toga pura yayiyisangqa soboya obumhlophe.
Umqondiso wobumi
Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma (509 B.C.E.ukuya ku-27 B.C.E.) nasemva koko, yayingabemi baseRoma abakhululekileyo kuphela ababeneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu ubuncinci abanokuyinxiba le toga. Yayiluphawu lobumi baseRoma kwaye yayifuneka isinxibo kwimisebenzi yaseburhulumenteni. Amadoda ayenxiba i-togas kubaphulaphuli kunye ne-Emperor nakwiimidlalo ezazidlalwa kwibala lemidlalo laseRoma.
Amanqaku afanelekileyo
- Ivenkile yeeNdleko zeToga
- Uyenza njani iTogas elula
- Iingubo zamaGrike zeToga
I-toga yayinxitywe ngaphandle, ngaphezulu kwengubo. (Ingubo yayiyingubo ephothiweyo emilise ngo-T, ngokufanayo kwifomu kwisikipa eside, sale mihla.) I-toga esongelwe emzimbeni. Umda othe ngqo ubekwe embindini womzimba, ngokuhambelana nomgangatho. Ubuninzi belaphu belithwalwa ngaphezulu kwegxalaba lasekhohlo, ngaphesheya ngasemva nangaphantsi kwengalo yasekunene, emva koko lagqatywa esifubeni nangaphezulu kwegxalaba lasekhohlo.
ingaba uneminyaka eli-16 ubudala ubunzima
Ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma, i-toga yangaphambi kwesiqingatha sesangqa yayitshintshe indlela yayo kwaye inecandelo elandisiweyo elongezwe kwisangqa esisecaleni ngqo. Inkqubo ye-draping yahlala injalo, nangona kunjalo icandelo elandisiweyo laqala ukusongwa. Icandelo elingaphezulu liye lawa ngaphambili komzimba kwaye lenza isingxobo esinjengepokotho, esibizwa ngokuba yi sinus , apho umntu onxibayo wayenokubeka khona izinto ezinjengomsongo wephepha. Njengokuba i-toga yayiba nkulu ngakumbi kwaye inkulu, i-sinus ekugqibeleni yayivulekile kwaye ivulelekile ukuba ibambe izinto, ke iqhina lendwangu latsalwa langaphantsi lenziwa indawo ebizwa ngokuba yi imilo , kwaye oku kuncinci kunye nokuqina ngakumbi kwaba yindawo 'yeepokotho'. I-umbo isenokuba ikuncede ukugcina i-toga endaweni yayo.
Togo ekhethekileyo
Abantu benqanaba elithile banxibe i-togas ekhethekileyo. Nangona bobabini abesilisa nabasetyhini babenxibe i-togas kumaxesha okuqala aseRoma, ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yayingamadoda kuphela ayenxibe i-togas. Nangona kunjalo, intsalela yesenzo sangaphambili sahlala. Oonyana neentombi zabemi baseRoma banxiba toga ebiyelweyo , toga enomda omfusa omalunga nee-intshi ezimbini okanye ezintathu ububanzi. Amakhwenkwe ayenxiba le toga de abe neminyaka elishumi elinesine ukuya kwishumi elinesithandathu xa babecinga toga ipura , Ngelixa amantombazana ayishiya ingubo malunga neminyaka yokufikisa. Abanye ababingeleli noomantyi nabo babenxiba i toga ebiyelweyo.
Abagqatswa bezopolitiko banxibe toga candida loo mhlophe ibimhlophe kakhulu. Igama lesiNgesi elithi 'candidate' livela kwigama lale ngubo.
UKUYA toga ezimfusa ngegolide, zazimfakamfele. Iinjengele ezoyisayo kunye nabanye ababekhethelwe iimbasa ezikhethekileyo banikwa ithuba lokunxiba le toga. A toga pulla kubonakala ngathi yayinxitywe ukuzila, kwaye yayimnyama okanye imnyama ngombala. Inkqubo ye- ilokhwe yokutshintsha Kubonakala ngathi kunxitywe ngabaphembeleli bezenkolo okanye amagosa abalulekileyo.
Ulondolozo lweToga
I-toga yayiyingubo engathandekiyo. Ababhali baseRoma bathetha ngobunzima ekugcineni i-toga ilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo. Kuyabonakala ukuba kwamkelekile ukuba amadoda anxibe i-togas ende okanye emfutshane. Ihlwempu linokunxiba i-toga emfutshane ukuze yonge imali, ngelixa umntu efuna ukubonisa abanye ukuba anganxiba i-toga enkulu kwaye ende. Ukuze le ngubo ihlale icocekile, kwakufuneka ihlanjwe rhoqo, nto leyo eyayibangela ukuba yonakale rhoqo. Ukutshintsha i-toga eyonakeleyo yinkcitho egqabaza ngayo ngabantu abathile baseRoma.
umfazi ozala umntwana
Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma nasemva koko, abantu abadala abahloniphekileyo babengayinxibi i-togas. Oonongogo kwathiwa banxibe i-togas, njengoko kunjalo nangabafazi abaqhawule umtshato ngenxa yokukrexeza. Ukuchazwa komfazi onxibe i-toga kuthetha ukungamkelwa.
Ifom ye toga iyaqhubeka nokutshintsha. Kubonakala ngathi abantu bahlala bekhangela iiyantlukwano ezenza ukuba kube lula ukugcina i-toga. Kwinguqulelo enye eyaqala malunga ne-118-119 C.E. nasemva koko, i-umbo yasuswa ngokusongela icandelo phantsi kwengalo yasekunene kwindawo ephezulu kunye nokujija elo candelo liphezulu ukwenza uhlobo lwebhanti. Eli qela labizwa ngokuba ngu ibhanti. Kwinkulungwane yesithathu ibilinyathelo elilula ukusuka kulo 'ukuya kwimixokelelwane esongiweyo.'
Kwi-toga eneebhendi ezisongiweyo, i-balteus ejijekileyo yaba yinto ephindaphindekayo esongelweyo yaza yavuselelwa ngaphezulu kwayo ukuze yenze ibhanti ethe tyaba, ecekethekileyo yengubo enokuthi ibotshelelwe endaweni ngokuthi icofwe okanye ithungwe. Njengoko i-toga isongelwe emzimbeni, imixokelelwane yayilele tyaba, ilungelelene kakuhle kwibhanti ediagonal ngaphambili komzimba.
Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yoBukhosi baseRoma, uqeqesho ekulandeleni iindlela ezimiselweyo zokunxiba lakhula kancinci, kwaye amadoda akhetha ukunxiba ingubo endaweni ye toga. I-pallium uqobo lwayo yayiyindlela eguqulweyo yengubo esongelwe ngamaGrike, i-heation, eyayitsala ngendlela efanayo ne-toga. I-pallium yayiyipaneli yoxande yelaphu, efana ne-toga, ebaleka ngokungathi iya emgangathweni, ijikeleze igxalaba lasekhohlo, phantsi kwengalo yasekunene, nangaphaya komzimba, iwela ngaphezulu kwengalo. Yayiluhlobo lweethambo lwe-toga, igcina i-draping yayo kodwa ilahlekelwe yifom yesetyhula kwaye uninzi lwayo.
Ukuphefumlelwa kweFashoni yale mihla
Nangona i-toga ekwimo yayo yaseRoma ingavuselelwanga ngendlela yangoku, igama elithi 'toga' lihlala lisetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo kwiimfashini ezinesigqubuthelo esinye negxalaba elingatyhilelwanga. Imizekelo ibandakanya 'isinxibo se-toga' esichazwe nguCalasibetta (2003) njenge 'ngubo yeAsymmetric okanye yengubo yekhaya ebhalwe ngegxalaba elinye, elinye ligqunyiwe' okanye 'ilokhwe yokulala yethoga,' enokuthi 'ibhalwe ngegxalaba elinye.' Zombini zazizitayile ezaziswa kwii-1960s (ICalasibetta 2003).
indlela yokubonisa indoda ukuba uyamthanda
Bona kwakho Kwihlabathi laMandulo: Imbali yesinxibo.
Uluhlu lweencwadi
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IHouston, uM. Indleko yamandulo yamaGrike, amaRoma, kunye neByzantine. ILondon: UAdam noCharles Black, l966.
ndilisusa njani iphunga le-skunk
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ITortora, P., kunye noK. Eubank. Uphando lweNdleko yeMbali. ENew York: Ushicilelo lweFairchild, ngo-1998.
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