Izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa zinokubonwa mihla le kwihlabathi liphela. Ukubeka ugxininiso kwimithombo evuselelekayo kunye nozinzo, yamandla kunye nezinye izinto eziphathekayo, kunokwenza impembelelo enkulu kwindalo esingqongileyo ngokwenza umda omncinci wendalo.
Yintoni eyenza ukuba izixhobo zivuseleleke?
Ubutyebi obunokuphinda buchazwe buchazwa njengobutyebi bendalo obuzihlaziya ngokwenqanaba elikhawulezayo, okanye elilinganayo nenqanaba lokusetyenziswa, ngokwe IYunivesithi yaseOregon State . Izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa zinokwahluka kwizixhobo ebezikade ziphelile zingaze zibuye, ezinje ngamafutha eefossil. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulinywa kwezixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa kunceda ukunciphisa ifuthe loluntu eMhlabeni ngelixa lixhasa abantu abakhulayo, amanqaku Utyalomali .
- Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwakhona izinto ezinokuhlaziywa: Ngamanye amaxesha izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa kunye nokurisayikilisha zinokuhamba ngesandla. Iphepha kunye nemithi umzekelo, inokuba sisibonelelo esinokuphinda senziwe xa kunikwe ixesha elaneleyo lemithi yokuhlaziya nokuzalisa amahlathi avuniweyo.
- Ukulingana kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo: Zonke izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa azilingani njenge Ukuhlaziywa kweMfundo yeNdalo kugxininisa. Oovimba bolunye uhlaziywa ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ke imizekelo yezixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: ezinzileyo okanye ezingapheliyo, izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa ngokwendalo, kunye nezinto ezihlaziyiweyo.
- Iinyani malunga naMandla eSolar
- Iindlela Zokuthintela Ungcoliseko Lomoya
- Imifanekiso yeZiphumo zokuFudumala kweHlabathi
Imithombo emihlanu yamandla aVuselelwayo oMbane
Ngokwe- ILebhu yaMandla aVuselelekayo kaZwelonke (NREL), kukho izibonelelo ezithile kwindalo esingqongileyo nakuluntu ekusebenziseni amandla ahlaziyekayo. Inkqubo ye- I-FAQ yoLawulo loLwazi lwaMandla (EIA) iingxelo ezivuselelekayo zivelise i-15% yamandla e-US ngo-2016.
1. Amandla omoya
I-NREL's Uxwebhu olulawulwayo lweIntanethi Iinkcukacha ngenkqubo yokuguqula amandla omoya abe ngumbane. Ngoku ka Isebe Lezamandla laseMelika (APHA), itekhnoloji entsha inokuqhubela phambili ukusetyenziswa okuphuculweyo kweeinjini zomoya emhlabeni naselwandle. Ngo-2016, i-5.6% yamandla aveliswa e-US avela kumandla omoya. Ezona ndidi zimbini ziphambili zokuvelisa amandla omoya icacisiwe yi-EIA zibandakanya:
- Nkqo Axis - Olu hlobo lweinjini yomoya lusebenza kunye ne-rotator shaft yayo ephambili elungelelaniswe ngokuthe nkqo. I-injini ye-axis ethe nkqo isebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezinesantya somoya esahlukileyo.
- Axis ethe tye - Olu hlobo lwe-turbine lune-shaft ejikelezayo ekhwele ngokuthe tye kwinqaba ethe nkqo okanye kwipali. Le turbine isebenza kakuhle kwindawo ethe tyaba, enkulu efana nentsimi okanye ulwandle.
2. Amandla ombane
Ngokwe-EIA FAQ, i-6.5% yamandla e-US inikwe amandla ngokusebenzisa amandla wamanzi. Inkqubo ye- Isebe Lezamandla laseMelika (I-DOE) icacisa ukuba lo mthombo wamandla onamandla unokuveliswa ngeendlela ezininzi:
- Ukuthanjiswa okanye idama lombane : Oku kusebenzisa amadama ukugcina isixa esikhulu samanzi, akhutshwa xa kufuneka umbane ukuze kusebenze oomatshini bokwenza umbane iiveki neenyanga ezininzi. Kukho amadama angama-2 400 e-US avelisa umbane.
- Ukumpompa ugcino lwamandla ombane: Apha amanzi agcinwa kumachibi asezantsi naphezulu. Ngamaxesha amandla ashiyekileyo amanzi ampontshwa, aze akhutshelwe ezantsi kwidama elisezantsi kusetyenziswa oomatshini bokwenza umbane ngexesha lokufuna
- Ukubaleka-komlambo okanye ukuphambukisa umbane : Olu hlobo lwamandla luthatyathwa kwindalo yemilambo.
- Amanzi ombane wamanzi aselunxwemeni : Olu hlobo lwamandla luveliswa ngamaza olwandle kunye neelwandle, ngokwe Umbutho wamandla oMbane wamanzi weHlabathi.
3. Amandla ombane
Phantse ukukhutshwa kwamandla simahla kunokuveliswa kusetyenziswa amaqondo obushushu ashushu emhlabeni. Amandla e-geothermal anokufudumeza kwaye apholise amakhaya kunye neshishini kusetyenziswa iimpompo zobushushu be-geothermal (GHPs). A Ingxelo yeHlabathi yezaMandla ahlaziyiweyo yowama-2017 ithi i-US yinkokeli yehlabathi kwimveliso yamandla obushushu bomhlaba enikele nge-0.4% yeemfuno zamandla zase-US ngo-2016.
ungajongana njani namalungu osapho anomona
Amandla ombane asebenza ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezivaliweyo okanye ezivulekileyo zeluphu. Uya kufumana izibonelelo ezininzi kumandla ombane, kodwa kukho izinto ezimbi malunga neempompo, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo ekhethiweyo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukungcoliseka komhlaba kwezinye iinkqubo ezindala ezivaliweyo zeluphu. Iinkqubo zeNgqungquthela yeHlabathi yoMhlaba Iingxelo ezivela kwiinkqubo ezizizigidi ezili-1.4 e-U.S., iipesenti ezingama-90 zivaliwe kwaye ziipesenti ezili-10 kuphela eziziinkqubo ezivulekileyo zelogo.
4. Amandla elanga
Ngo-2016, i-US yavelisa 0.9% amandla alo ukusuka elanga. IBloomberg ibonisa ukuba nalo nyaka wabona i-95% yokwanda kokuveliswa kwamandla elanga e-US YENZA ucacisa 'Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zetekhnoloji yamandla elanga-photovoltaic (PV) kunye nokujonga amandla elanga (CSP).'
- Ifoto yeFoto ifanele ilanga ngelanga elithile elifana nobhedu okanye i-silicon ukubopha amandla avela kwimitha yelanga. Luhlobo olusetyenziswa eluphahleni lwaphezulu kubahlali nakwizakhiwo.
- Ukugxininisa amandla elanga isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla amakhulu kusetyenziswa izibuko ukunceda ukudibanisa imitha yelanga kubamkeli ukuze kuveliswe ubushushu nombane.
Iinkqubo zesistim zelanga zinciphisa inani lamandla ngokwesiko elifunekayo ukunika amandla indawo, njengesakhiwo okanye indlu.
5. I-Biomass kunye nee-Biofuels
Ngo-2016, i-biomass yavelisa i-1.5% ye-US Amandla eHlaziyiweyo weHlabathi icacisa indlela i-biomass enokusetyenziselwa ngayo i-bio-energy kunye nokuvelisa ii-biofuels.
- Amandla e-bio bubushushu obuvela ngqo ekutshiseni iinkuni. Imithombo iyintsalela evela kwizityalo, amahlathi, iiplagi zokuqala nezesekondari, kunye nenkunkuma, ngokuka- Iphepha leeMaphu zeBiomass zeNREL . Oku kusetyenziselwe iinkulungwane ukupheka kunye nokufudumeza indlu ibonisa Amandla eHlaziyiweyo eHlabathi.
- Izinto eziphilayo inokuba yi-biofuels engamanzi okanye kunye ne-biogas. Izityalo zeBioenergy njengokutshintsha ingca kunye nezinye, izityalo zezolimo kunye nezinto ezingafunwayo zinokuguqulwa zibe zii-biofuels ezingamanzi. Ngelixa inkunkuma yokulahla inkunkuma ivelisa imethane ecofwayo, ii-biogas zinokuveliswa kwilindle lomntu nakwizinto ezilahlwayo zezilwanyana, ucacisa Ukuchazwa kwephepha le-Biomass ye-EIA .
Amandla avela kwi-biomass e-US eza '43% kwiinkuni kunye ne-biomass eyenziwe ngomthi, i-46% evela kwi-biofuels (ikakhulu i-ethanol), kwaye malunga ne-11% yenkunkuma kamasipala, 'ngokwe-EIA's Biomass Explained page.
Izixhobo ezizinzileyo
Izixhobo ezizinzileyo zezi zihlala zifumaneka okanye zibonakala zingenasiphelo. Ezi zixhobo azipheli kwaye zinokusetyenziswa ngokungenammiselo.
Ilanga kunye neLanga laMandla
Ilanga, ekulindeleke ukuba libekho eminye iminyaka engamawaka amathandathu ezigidi, xa kuthelekiswa nobomi babantu libonakala lihleli ngonaphakade. Oku kwenza amandla elanga abe ngumthombo onokuthenjwa.
indlela yokucoca indawo yeziko lezitena
Amandla oMoya
Umhlaba kuphela kweplanethi eyaziwayo enomoya owenziwe ngumoya owenza ukuba ubomi bubonakale Isithuba Space.com . Izinto ezibalulekileyo neziyintloko zii-nitrogen, ioksijini, icarbon dioxide kunye nehydrogen. Nangona kunjalo, ungcoliseko lomoya lukhula lube sisisongelo.
- IHydrogen Ingaba i eyona nto iqhelekileyo kwindalo yonke. Inkqubo ye- I-EIA iyacacisa Isetyenziselwa ukulungisa isinyithi kunye nepetroleum, ukuvelisa izichumisi. Isetyenziswa njengamafutha kwiirokethi kwaye, mva, ezimotweni.
- Umoya Ngumoya ohamba ukuphendula umahluko kubushushu kwindawo. Isuka kwiindawo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu iye koxinzelelo oluphantsi, kwaye isantya sayo ngumthombo wamandla obalulekileyo ngokwe IQumrhu leYunivesithi yoPhando lweAtmospheric . Amandla omoya asetyenzisiwe kwiinkulungwane ezininzi.
Amandla oMbane
Njenge Ulawulo lwe-Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ithi, 'Amaza olwandle yenye yezona zinto zithembekileyo ehlabathini.' Zibangelwa ngumxhuzulane owenziwa lilanga nenyanga elwandle, kunye ne-inertia egcina amanzi ehamba. Amanxweme ase-Continental ayimpawu eziphambili ezichaphazela ulwalathiso kunye namandla omsinga. Amandla omsinga ngowona mthombo uphambili.
Amandla omhlaba
La mandla asebenzisa ubushushu obusondeleyo obufumanekayo kumanqanaba anzulu emhlabeni ukufudumeza nokupholisa izakhiwo nokuba kungamakhaya, amaziko okanye izindlu zokugcina izilwanyana. Amandla ombane afumaneka kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni.
Izixhobo ezihlaziyiweyo
Izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa zezi zizizalisa ngokwendalo kumgangatho ozinzileyo, xa zingangcoliswanga okanye zithotyiwe yimisebenzi yabantu, kwimeko apho zinamaxesha amade ahlaziyekayo.
Amanzi
Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nemithombo yamanzi evulekileyo njengemilambo kunye nemisinga zixhomekeke kwimpompo yamanzi esebenzayo kunye nohlaza ukuze iphinde igcwaliswe, kwaye iyimfuneko ukusela, ukukhula kwezityalo kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zokwenza Ngapha koko IJografi yeSizwe iingxelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa imvula kwaye umjikelo wamanzi uyaphazamiseka. Le mithombo ikwangcoliswe lungcoliseko olunokuthi lube nefuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwimpilo yabantu. Kubalulekile ukugcina amanzi kwaye uwasebenzise ngokufanelekileyo ukukhusela ukunqongophala kwawo.
Amandla ombane
Ubushushu bamanzi buhlala buveliswa ngamadama, kwaye imilambo ingoma ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ukunciphisa amandla ombane, ngaphandle kokuba amahlathi akummandla wokugcina amanzi akhuselekile.
Umhlaba
Umhlaba uyabonelelai-substrata yokuphila kunye nokukhula kwezityalo. Inokuthotywa, ingcoliswe kwaye ilahle ukuchuma kunye nemveliso, yenze ulondolozo lomhlaba lubaluleke.
Izinto ezihlaziyiweyo
Izinto ezinokuhlaziywa zezi zinto ziphelileyo, kodwa ukuvuna ngononophelo, ukutyala kunye nokurisayikilisha kunokwenza ukuba izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zinokuhlaziywa ezinokuthi zilahleke ngenye indlela.
Imithi kunye nezityalo
Imithi ifuna iminyaka engaphezulu ukuba ikhule kwaye ikhule kunezivuno zonyaka nezimbini, oko kuthetha ukuba ukuvuselelwa kokugqibela kuphezulu. Ngokunikwa kwemozulu elungileyo kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvunwe izityalo ezithathu nangaphezulu ngonyaka, ngokwe Umbutho wezoLimo lokutya .
- Izityalo zokutya zonyaka zivelisa ukutya okuninzi - iicereal, i-pulses, iimbewu zeoyile, imifuno kunye neziqhamo ezininzi.
- Imisonto zithathwe kwikotoni, iflakisi, kunye ne-hemp, kunye nejute.
- Amadlelo kunye nefula izityalo ngowona mthombo wokutya kwezilwanyana ezinika ubisi, inyama kunye nofele.
- Imithi engapheliyo zivelisa iziqhamo ezininzi, i-oyile kunye nezinto ezifana nerabha.
- Imithi kunye nomgubo zifumaneka ngokugawula amahlathi nemithi, okwenzeka ngoku kumazinga angenakuzinziswa. INgxowa-mali yeWorld Wildlife (WWF) uloyiko lokuba 'ukugawulwa ngokungenakugcinwa ngamanye amashishini kwimizi-mveliso yamaphepha kuhlambalaza amahlathi, kukhawulezisa utshintsho lwemozulu kwaye kukhokelela ekuphulukaneni nezilwanyana zasendle.' Amashumi amane eepesenti asetyenziselwa ukwenza iphepha kunye nebhodi ebhaliweyo. I-WWF ibongoza ukuba ivelise i-70% yamaphepha ngo-2020 kwimithombo ephinda isetyenziswe ukukhusela amahlathi
Izichumisi zendalo
Naziimithombo emininzi ehlaziyiweyoezazisetyenziswa ngaphambi kokufika kwezichumisi zamakhemikhali ezingaphiliyo kwezolimo. Ukulima kwendalo kunye negadi zixhomekeke kuzo. Babandakanya umgquba kunye nomgquba ovela kwinkunkuma yasefama kunye nezilwanyana, intlanzi- kunye nesidlo segazi esivela kwinkunkuma yefektri, intaka kunye negu bat.Uncedo lwaselwandle.
Izinto eziphilayo
Owona mthombo wamandla uthandwayo ubandakanya inkunkuma, izityalo ze-bioenergy ezinje ngengca yokutshintsha ingca ipoplar, kunye ne-miscanthus , nakwimveliso yemethane yokulahla inkunkuma okanye inkunkuma yezilwanyana. I-Biogas kunye ne-bioethanol zinokufumaneka kwi-biomass kunye nakwizityalo zamandla.
usulelo luqala nini emva kokulunywa yikati?
IShift ejongene nokuGcina izinto eziGcinekayo kunye nokuVuselelwa
Izixhobo ezinokuhlaziywa zibalulekile ekuqhubekeni kokuphila kobomi eMhlabeni. Ngelixa izinto ezivuselelekayo bezilinyiwe kangangeenkulungwane, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinje ngombane ovela elwandle, kunye namandla elanga intsha. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi zixhobo kunokuphucula umgangatho wobomi eMhlabeni.
