Kwabanye abantu begadi, izifo zemithi yama-apile zibonakala ngathi zixhaphakile kwizitiya zabo unyaka nonyaka. Ngelixa lo mthi weziqhamo ulula ukukhula, ngokuqinisekileyo unesabelo sawo seengxaki. Ngethamsanqa, uninzi lwezifo zomthi wama-apile kulula ukujongana nazo kangangokuba nomgadi wegadi osakhasayo unokuzifumanisa kwaye azinyange.
Funda ukujonga uMthi we-Apple ogulayo
Izifo ezininzi kunye nezitshabalalisi zinxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezithile zemithi yeapile. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zezi zifo zixhaphakile kuzo zonke iintlobo zemithi yama-apile. Fumana izifo eziqhelekileyo ezinokuchaphazela imithi yeapile, kunye nendlela yokujongana nayo.
Amanqaku afanelekileyo- Zeziphi iiBerries ezikhula emithini?
- Imifanekiso yokuNceda ukufumanisa isifo seZityalo
- Isikhokelo sokuchongwa komthi ngamanyathelo alula
I-Apple Scab
Ukuqala kwangentwasahlobo, ukhwekhwe lweapile lubonakala emazantsi amagqabi, emva koko lusasazeke kwamanye amalungu omthi weapile. I-Spores zihanjiswa yimvula yasentwasahlobo, kwaye zichaphazela amagqabi amatsha kunye neziqhamo, ngokwe IYunivesithi yaseWashington State (WSU). Unokufumana izilonda ezimnyama, i-sooty kumagqabi, iintyatyambo, ii-sepals, ii-petioles, ii-pedicels, amahlumela kunye nezikali zamahlumelo. Njengoko ukhwekhwe lusasazeka, kubonakala kakhulu kumagqabi amatsha njengoko eqala ukugoba, ukujija, ukuba mncinane, kunye nokukhubazeka.
Amachaphaza anokuchongwa ekuqaleni njengeendawo ezityheli ezincinci okanye ezimdaka ngombala emazantsi amagqabi. Njengoko ukhwekhwe luqhubeka, iindawo zijika zibe ngumnquma omnyama, emdaka, kwaye zimnyama njengoko iiseli zisifa. Amanye amagqabi anokugqunywa amabala ngokupheleleyo; Amagqabi akule meko adla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi 'sheet scab.'
Ukungunda okubangela ukhwekhwe lweapile ( V. eyouqualis ngaphezulu kweemithi ezisulelekileyo, kwimozulu ebandayo. Zombini izitiya zasekhaya kunye nabalimi bezorhwebo basebenzisa indibaniselwano yeenkqubo zonyango zokulawula esi sifo. Oku kubandakanya ukukhetha imihlanganiselwa enganyangekiyo zizifo, ucoceko (ukususwa kwamagqabi kunye neziqhamo ezifileyo kufutshane nomthi ekupheleni kwexesha lokukhula), kunye nonyango lweekhemikhali. Unyango olwamkelekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni lubandakanya ubhedu olungagungqiyo, imixube yaseBordeaux, iisepha zobhedu, isalfure, kunye neeminerali okanye ioyile yeemem, ngokwe IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Statewide Inkqubo eDityanisiweyo yokuLawulwa kwezilwanyana .
Intsholongwane ka-Apple kaMoses
Intsholongwane ye apile iyaqheleka kuninzi lwemithi yama apile kwaye ibonakala ngamachokoza atyheli okanye umbala onkhilimu avela kumagqabi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Amabala aya esiba makhulu njengoko intsholongwane isasazeka. Nje ukuba imozulu efudumeleyo yasehlotyeni ivele, amagqabi aya kujika abe mdaka kwaye afe. Le ntsholongwane ixhaphake kakhulu kwi-'Golden Delicious ',' Granny Smith ', kunye' Jonathan 'iindidi, ibangela owona monakalo kule mithi.
Intsholongwane isasazeka ngokusasazeka okanye ukudityaniswa kwengcambu, ngokophando olwenziwe yi-WSU. Ngelixa kusenokwenzeka ukuba nesityalo sama-apile emva kokuba intsholongwane yosulele umthi, inokuncitshiswa ngesiqingatha semithi echaphazelekayo. Akukho lunyango lwaziyo xa umthi wosulelekile, kwaye KwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia icebisa ukuba isuswe ngokupheleleyo kwigadi yeziqhamo.
Umnyama Pox
Urhashalala IHelminthosporium papulosum ) ibangelwa kukungunda kwemozulu emanzi egqumayo kwimithi eyosulelekileyo, yenze i-conidium (spores) kwizilonda zexolo lakudala. Eyona ndawo ixhaphakileyo kwimimandla efudumeleyo, ukungunda kuxhaphake kakhulu 'eRoma ubuhle' kunye 'neGrimes Golden', ngokwe U. S. Inkqubo yeNtsebenziswano ebanzi (eXtension.org) . Amaqondo obushushu akhula ngombungu omnyama ngama-82 ° F, ngelixa ixesha lokufukama liinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu kwiziqhamo. Ungawuchonga umngundo ngombala omnyama, okhazimlayo, omile okweqanda okhula ngokukhula kwesetyana elitsha. Amagqabi amnyama amnyama nawo ayavela kwisiqhamo kwaye ekugqibeleni ayakukhangeleka etshonile. Amagqabi ayakubonisa iimpawu zesi sifo, okokuqala njengezangqa ezibomvu eziya kujika zimdaka okanye mfusa.
Ukuba uvuna kwangethuba, umhlonyane ungasasazeka emva kwesicelo sokugqibela sokuvuna ngaphambi kokuvuna kwimithi emitsha engakhuselekanga kunye nokukhula. Olona nyango lusemagqabini kwesi sifo lucoceko nokufaka imichiza. Ekupheleni kwexesha lokukhula, ukucoca amagqabi kunye neziqhamo emhlabeni kunye nokufaka isibulali sokubulala ukungunda kuya kunceda ukusiphelisa esi sifo nokusinqanda sisasazeke kwimithi ekufutshane. Sebenzisa isitokhwe sokutyala esingenazifo ukunqanda ukungunda ekusasazeni.
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Umngundo wePowdery
Ngumgubo IPodosphaera leukotricha Sisifo esiqhelekileyo esichaphazela iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo kwimozulu ethambileyo, kubandakanya imithi yeapile. Ngelixa ukungunda okungumgubo kungunda kufuna ukufuma ukukhupha amagqabi angaphezulu kokuhluma asulele umthi, isikhunta sinokumila kwaye sikhule kwindawo ezomileyo, kwimozulu yaseMeditera, ngokwe IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Statewide Integrated Pest Management Programme (UC IPM) . Amagqabi atshiziweyo ajikiweyo achonga esi sifo entwasahlobo, kunye nomgubo omhlophe ongwevu kumagqabi, oko kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwesetyana.
I-Powdery mildew ikwabeka ngaphezulu ngaphakathi kwamagqabi emithi esulelekileyo. Ngentwasahlobo, intyatyambo ebambezelekileyo ibonisa ukuba kungenzeka usulelo; xa zivulwa, amagqabi agqunywe ziipowder powder. Umoya uvuthuza kwaye usasaze imbewu, ichaphazele amahlumelo amatsha, amagqabi, kunye neziqhamo, ngokwe Ulwandiso lweYunivesithi yasePennsylvania State .
Ukuba ayishiywanga inganyangwa, iya kubangela ukuba iintyatyambo ziwe ngaphambi kwexesha kunye nokukhula okumileyo komthi. Unokusinyanga esi sifo ngokuphumeza inkqubo ye-mildewcide nangokuthena izihlumelo ezimhlophe emithini.
IiRuts
Imithi yeapile isesichengeni sokuhlaselwa ziirrus. Ukuba imithi yakho yama-apile ityalwe kufutshane neentlobo ezithile zomjunipha okanye umsedare obomvu, zinokosulelwa ngundo ngomsedare weapile rust ( KwiGymnosporangium juniperi - virginiana ngu ). Le fungus ichaphazela zombini imithi ye-apile kunye nomjunipha okanye umsedare obomvu, obangela ukuba ibe semthubi-orenji okanye amachokoza abomvu kwi-apile. Kwimisedare eyosulelekileyo, iigalls zimdaka ngombala ubomvu-bomdaka.
Isalamane esisondeleyo somhlwa we-apile womsedare, umhlwa we-hawthorn ubangelwa KwiGymnosporangium iglobesum. Njenge-apile yomsedare, irusi ye-hawthorn ifuna iintlobo ezimbini ukuze yenze umonakalo wayo: imithi yeapile (okanye ezinye iintlobo zerosaceous, njengepeyari kunye nequince), kunye nenye into IJuniperus iintlobo. Omnye umhlwa onemijikelo yobomi efanayo kwi-apile yomsedare kunye ne-hawthorn rusts yi-quince rust ( Iindidi zeGymnosporangium, G. clavipes ), echaphazela amasebe amancinci kunye nokwenza buthathaka imisedare kunye nemipompo, kunye neekhenkha ezibonakala kwiziqu zazo eziphambili. Isiqhamo esosulelwe ngumhlwa wequince sinezilonda eziluhlaza mnyama kwi-calyx, ezenza ukuba iziqhamo zigqwetheke kwaye umgubo ube mdaka nesiponji.
Inkqubo ye- Umyezo wezityalo waseMissouri icebisa oku kulandelayo malunga nokulawula umhlwa:
- Ukuthengela iinxalenye zemithi ezosulelekileyo
- Sebenzisa i-fungicides yokuthintela, njenge-captan, i-chlorothalonil (iDaconil), i-mancozeb, isalfure, i-thiram kunye ne-ziram
- Ukutyala iintlobo ezinganyangekiyo umhlwa
- Ukuphepha ukutyala izityalo ezithile, njengejunipha, kufutshane nemithi yeapile
ISooty Blotch kunye neFlyspeck
Kubonakala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ukuya ekuqaleni kokuwa, ezi blot blots blot ( Peltaster fructicola , IGeastrumia Iipolstigmatis , kunye ILeptodontium elatiu ) kunye 'nokubhabha okukhethekileyo' ( Zygophiala j amaicensis Zizinto ezininzi eziphilayo ezidla ngokwenzeka njengezifo ezintsonkothileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-SBFS.
Zombini i-sooty blotch kunye ne-flyspeck ngaphezulu kwamahlumela emithi ye-apile, ngokutsho Ulwandiso lweYunivesithi yasePenn State . Umoya usasaza iintsholongwane kuyo yonke iigadi, usulelo lwenzeka emva kokuwa kwetafile. Ngethamsanqa, i-sooty blotch kunye ne-flyspeck zizifo (ezingaphezulu komhlaba) ezingabangeli ukubola, kwaye imithi ayizukuchaphazeleka, ngokwe Ulwandiso lweeYunivesithi yaseGeorgia ( UCG ) .
Ukuthintela ezi zifo, i-UGC icebisa ukuba kuthenwe ukonyusa ukujikeleza komoya kunye nokucutha iziqhamo. Kwiiapile ezichaphazelekayo emthini, i-UGC icebisa ukufaka isisombululo se-bleach (inye ngeelitha zamanzi) ngelaphu lokususa ukubola; nangona isivuno selo xesha sinokuncitshiswa.
Ukujikeleza okumhlophe
Ukubola okumhlophe ( IBotryosphaeriaethidea ), okanye i-bot rot, ixhaphake kwiindawo zasemazantsi. Ukubola okumhlophe kusulela iziqhamo kunye neenkuni, hayi amagqabi. Usulelo olwenzeka emalungwini nasemasetyeni luchongwa ngamachaphaza amancinane asetyhula kunye namadyungudyungu. La mabala aya kuqhubeka nokwanda ngexesha lokukhula, ekugqibeleni abangele ukuba umthi womthi ube-orenji kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo kwaye uxobule emthini. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, esi sifo sinokubangela ukubopha kwamalungu nemithi. Ukubola kweziqhamo kuya kwenzeka, kwaye ungakuchonga ngokuvela kwezinto ezincinci, ezitshone kwiindawo ezimdaka ngeentlobo ezikhanyayo. Kwiindidi ezinesikhumba esibomvu, amabala avela emhlophe okanye amdaka ngombala.
Iitanki, amasetyana, kunye ne-bark efileyo ziyabanjiswa kwi-bot rot, ebeka ngaphezulu kwayo nakwimithi ekufuphi kunye neenkuni, zombini ezifileyo neziphilayo. Iimvula zasentwasahlobo nasehlotyeni zichaphazela ezinye iindawo zomthi kwaye zisasaze usulelo, ngokuka Ulwandiso lweYunivesithi yasePenn State
Esi sifo singanyangwa ngamachiza nangokuthena imithi echaphazelekayo kunye nemithi efileyo nyaka ngamnye. Kuya kufuneka ufake i-fungicide ngalo lonke ixesha lokukhula, ukusuka kwintyatyambo lonke ixesha lokuvuna.
Gcina ii-Apple Tree Diseases
Ungaziphepha izifo zomthi wama-apile kwiimeko ezininzi ngokukhetha nokutyala ingcambu engenampilo engenazifo. Ulwandiso lweYunivesithi yaseIowa State kunye nokuFikelela (ISU) ikwacebisa ukutshisa izixhobo zezityalo emva kokususa amagqabi afileyo kunye neziqhamo ezibolileyo, ukuba ingingqi yakho iyakuvumela (jonga kwimithetho etshisayo yalapha). Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezifo luphila kwimfumba yomgquba wasekhaya, i-ISU ikwacebisa ngokuchasene nomgquba xa igadi yakho ichaphazeleke zizifo zemithi yama-apile. Ukugcina igadi yakho igcinwe kwaye ucocekile kubalulekile, nokuba unomthi omnye weapile okanye igadi yeziqhamo.
